杉木第二代种子园子代测定效果分析

本文对福建省官庄林场杉木第二代种子园自由授粉子代试验林树高、胸径和材积等生长性状进行了研究。子代测定结果表明，参试家系间的效应显著；利用方差分析的结果，估算了杉木树高、胸径和材积的家系遗传力和单株遗传力，并以１０％、２０％的选择强度估算出杉木的遗传增益值。通过分析得出杉木各生长性状间有较高的相关性。依材积选择出４６个优良家系，用作造林，４年生时估计其遗传增益可达４１．３７％～５１．３７％。     

Potential of sexual reproduction among host-adapted populations of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador

To determine the potential of sexual reproduction among host-adapted populations of Phytophthora infestans sensu lato in Ecuador, 13 A1 isolates belonging to clonal lineages US-1, EC-1 and EC-3, and 11 A2 isolates belonging to the clonal lineage EC-2, were paired on agar plates to induce crossing. In the first experiment, six A1 isolates (three US-1, two EC-1 and one EC-3) were each crossed with three A2 isolates (total = 18 crosses). Matings involving isolates of the EC-1 lineage produced more oospores of healthy appearance than did matings with isolates of US-1 or EC-3. In the second experiment, the oospores of 35 crosses (21 EC-1 × EC-2; 10 US-1 × EC-2; four EC-3 × EC-2) were dispersed on water agar to assess oospore germination. Overall, germination percentages were low. Only one cross produced enough progeny for evaluation. Twenty-three single-oospore offspring were isolated and evaluated for mating type; electrophoretic patterns of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase ( Gpi ) and peptidase ( Pep ) alloenzyme loci; mitochondrial DNA haplotype; and genomic DNA fingerprint. Multilocus genotype data indicated that all 23 isolates resulted from meiotic recombination. Four progeny with homothallic phenotype appeared to be unstable heterokaryons. Markers at several loci segregated according to simple Mendelian expectations for a diploid organism, but the ratios of three RFLP loci and the Pep locus were not consistent with Mendelian expectations. All progeny were nonpathogenic on hosts of the parental genotypes. Reduced mating success and reduced pathogenic fitness of progeny appear to be postmating mechanisms of reproductive isolation in populations of P. infestans sensu lato in Ecuador.     

叶用型沙棘育种研究--“蒙×中”沙棘F1代雄株变异特性与选优标准的研究

通过对蒙古沙棘亚种优良品种与中国沙棘亚种优良类型F1代雄株的变异特性分析,建立了选择优 良单株的标准,为叶用型沙棘选择育种提供了科学依据。     

两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体核型分析及比较

采用PHA和秋水仙素体内注射制备两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代鱼（鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂;鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂）的染色体。结果表明：两种鲤鲫杂交回交子代染色体组由150条染色体组成,按着丝粒位置染色体组型可分为四组,每个染色体小组均由三条同源染色体组成。其中鲤鲫杂交♀×鲤♂回交的染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=234,其核型公式为：3n=60m＋24sin＋36st＋30t;鲤鲫杂交♀×德国镜鲤♂回交染色体数目为3n=150,染色体臂数NF=258,其核型公式为：3n=63m＋45sin＋12st＋30t。     

尼罗罗非鱼(♀)×萨罗罗非鱼(♂)杂交F_2与F_3群体遗传特征的微卫星分析

利用罗非鱼第二代遗传连锁图谱中微卫星标记对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)(♀)×萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodon melanotheron)(♂)杂交后代F_2、F_3群体遗传特征进行了初步比较分析。结果显示,28对引物中有22对引物能有效扩增,未观察到杂交后代F_2、F_3中有多倍体个体现象。筛选出7个在尼萨罗非鱼杂交后代F_2、F_3群体中存在差异的位点。杂交F_2群体平均等位基因(Na)为2.71,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.466,平均观测杂合度(Ho)为0.632;杂交F_3群体平均Na为2.14,平均PIC为0.370,平均Ho为0.432,杂交F_3遗传杂合性较杂交F_2降低。F_2自繁F_3过程中,F_3群体4个位点的等位基因与F_2完全相同,3个位点的等位基因少于F_2,且F_3群体在2个位点出现完全纯合,杂交F_3群体位点等位基因呈现纯合趋势。研究结果为尼萨罗非鱼杂交世代遗传变异与杂交利用积累基础资料。     

两个人工雌核发育系鲢近交F1遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对两个人工雌核发育系鲢近交F1遗传距离、遗传相似度及群体遗传多样性进行分析,用普通鲢和鲤作对照。结果表明：GSCⅠ、Ⅱ系近交F1系内个体间平均遗传相似度分别为0．9722、0．9807,高于对照鲢和鲤的0．9546、0．8727;两系近交F1的遗传多样性指数分别为0．0629、0．0529,低于对照鲢和鲤的0．1018和0．2132,表明GSCⅠ、Ⅱ系系内近交的F1保持了较高的纯度。LIPGMA和NJ系统树清晰反映了两个系近交F1与对照组个体问的相互关系。26个随机引物的RAPD扩增结果显示,5个引物OPG04、OPG17、OPP01、OPM11、OPM16可以扩增出区分两个系近交F1的特异标志带。     

斑茅F1杂交可育亲本选择及其回交后代鉴定和主要经济性状

选用8个Badila(甘蔗热带种)与斑茅属间杂交F1品系与9个甘蔗栽培品种配制了24个回交组合，其中6个F1品系的13个组合杂交可育，共获346株BC1实生苗．经同工酶分析，其中320个株系具有斑茅的特征酶带，为斑茅的真实后代。在杂交可育性和BC1后代主要经济性状方面，斑茅F1品系间和杂交组合问均存在显著差异。斑茅BC1后代的产量性状和糖分仍与甘蔗栽培品种有较大差距，但各性状的最大值已与栽培品种的相当。初步研究结果表明，YC96—40和YC95—41是较好的斑茅F1亲本材料。     

水稻超高产育种的理论和方法

 水稻超高产育种是当前世界性的热门课题，也是难题。现在我国人口已近十二亿，水稻是我国粮食生产的大头。高产更高产，难度越来越大。它的超高产育种，既无现成的理论和方法可循，就只能摸索前进。本文试图将几十年来多少人的汗水心血所凝成的宝贵经验，全面加以分析整理，藉以进一步完善过去所提出的理想株形与优势利用相结合的大方向，优化性状组配以及杂交后代选择标准等理论和方法，以供国内外同行参考试用。     

水稻杂种后代籽粒直链淀粉含量选择与品质和产量性状的关系

 选用4个稻米直链淀粉含量有显著差异的粳稻品种配制两个杂交组合（系选1号×通769和东农423×藤系180）,研究其杂交后代籽粒直链淀粉含量选择对品质和产量性状的影响。结果表明,籽粒直链淀粉含量选择对杂种后代蒸煮食味品质和产量相关性状有不同程度的影响,其影响程度因杂交组合及性状不同而异;在蒸煮食味品质性状中,淀粉黏滞性谱的崩解值和消减值受直链淀粉含量选择的影响较大,而在产量相关性状中抽穗期、单株有效穗数、结实率、单株粒重等受直链淀粉含量选择的影响相对较大;通过直链淀粉含量的连续定向选择可以从杂种后代中分出直链淀粉含量不同的后代,粳稻杂种后代低直链淀粉含量的定向选择效果优于高直链淀粉含量的选择效果,更容易得到超低亲的变异类型;直链淀粉含量的选择对杂种后代产量性状的影响较复杂,存在有利或不利的影响,低直链淀粉含量的选择将会导致单株粒重的下降。     

Dissecting Genetic Basis of Deep Rooting in Dongxiang Wild Rice

Deep rooting is an important trait in rice drought resistance. Genetic resources of deep-rooting varieties are valuable in breeding of water-saving and drought-resistant rice. In the present study, 234 BC₂F₇ backcross introgression lines were derived from a cross of Dongye 80 (an accession of Dongxiang wild rice as the donor parent) and R974 (an indica restorer line as the recurrent parent). A genetic linkage map containing 1 977 bin markers was constructed by ddRADSeq for QTL analysis. Thirty-one QTLs for four root traits (the number of deep roots, the number of shallow roots, the total number of deep roots and the ratio of deep roots) were assessed on six rice chromosomes in two environments (2020 Shanghai and 2021 Hainan). Two of the QTLs, qDR5.1 and qTR5.2, were located on chromosome 5 in a 70-kb interval. They were detected in both environments. qDR5.1 explained 13.35% of the phenotypic variance in 2020 Shanghai and 12.01% of the phenotypic variance in 2021 Hainan. qTR5.2 accounted for 10.88% and 10.93% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. One QTL (qRDR2.2) for the ratio of deep roots was detected on chromosome 2 in a 210-kb interval and accounted for 6.72% of the phenotypic variance in 2020. The positive effects of these three QTLs were all from Dongxiang wild rice. Furthermore, nine and four putative candidate genes were identified in qRDR2.2 and qDR5.1/qTR5.2, respectively. These findings added to our knowledge of the genetic control of root traits in rice. In addition, this study will facilitate the future isolation of candidate genes of the deep-rooting trait and the utilization of Dongxiang wild rice in the improvement of rice drought resistance.