Artificial burrow preference by the Japanese crayfish Cambaroides japonicus

SUMMARY: Preference for artificial burrows by the endangered Japanese crayfish species Cambaroides japonicus was studied to improve its cultivation. The occupation of artificial burrows, which were made from straight polyvinyl chloride pipes of different internal diameters ( Y , mm), by crayfishes of different total lengths ( X , mm) was significantly ( P < 0.001, n = 56) described by a linear regression: Y = 0.49 X + 3.42 (19.0 ≤ X ≤ 70.2). Among burrows of different lengths [crayfish total length (TL) × 1, × 2, × 3, and × 4], crayfishes significantly preferred burrows that were greater than TL × 3 ( P < 0.001, n = 588).     

A test for interaction between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and inanga (Galaxias maculatus) in an artificial stream

Abstract –  The interaction between brown trout ( Salmo trutta ; fork length (FL) range 255–390 mm) and inanga ( Galaxias maculatus ; FL range 55–115 mm) was tested during summer through autumn in an artificial stream consisting of a single run-riffle-pool sequence with a natural food supply. Each experimental trial lasted for 15 days, and consisted of two brown trout and 50 inanga collected fresh from a nearby stream, with each species given prior residence in four replicate tests, totalling eight trials in all. In addition, two control trials (each 10 days), with 50 inanga in each, were run. Brown trout almost exclusively occupied the pool, whereas inanga occupied all habitat types, although in different proportions, when tested with and without brown trout. The proportion of inanga in the pool was appreciably lower in the experimental trials with brown trout than in the control trials with no brown trout; prior residence had no significant effect on inanga habitat use. Mortality of inanga attributable to predation by brown trout ranged from 0 to 40% with a mean of 14.5 ± 4.7%. The results suggest that habitat use and survival of inanga populations in small streams can be adversely affected by brown trout.     

理化复合参数和神经网络结合的冬小麦长势遥感监测

准确、及时地监测区域作物长势状况对农业规划和政策的制定与调整具有重要的意义。遥感技术作为一种收集大面积作物长势信息的有效手段,正日益受到关注。为提高冬小麦长势遥感监测的准确性和全面性,该研究基于田间实测的冬小麦拔节期地上鲜生物量（aboveground fresh biomass,AFB）、叶面积指数（leaf area index,LAI）、叶片叶绿素相对含量（soil and plant analyzer development,SPAD）和叶片氮含量（leaf nitrogen content,LNC）4种生长相关理化参数,利用熵值法获取各参数权重构建冬小麦理化复合参数（physico-chemical composite parameter,PCCP）。利用显著性检验和籽粒产量数据分析复合参数在量化冬小麦长势方面的性能。然后,以Sentinel-2A作为数据源,分析不同遥感指数与LAI、SPAD、AFB、LNC和PCCP的相关性。选取相关性较高的遥感指数作为反向传播（back propagation,BP）人工神经网络（artificial neural networks,ANN）的输入,建立冬小麦长势遥感监测模型,对PCCP进行估计。评价模型精度并用于监测研究区冬小麦长势分布特征。赋权结果表明,作物物理参数的权重大于生化参数,其中LAI的权重最大,为0.387,AFB和SPAD次之,LNC的权重最小,为0.105;PCCP性能评估结果表明,与单一理化参数相比,PCCP值能更好地揭示作物长势状况的差异,其与最终籽粒产量的相关性更好, 决定系数提高0.035～0.468,均方根误差减少46.2～520.0 kg/hm²;在遥感监测过程中,PCCP比单一理化参数有更好的应用潜力,BP-ANN长势遥感监测模型模拟PCCP精度较高,在测试集中决定系数为0.830,均方根误差为0.080;研究区冬小麦总体长势稳定且分布集中,呈现"中部差,南北好"的空间分布特征。因此,构建作物理化复合参数用于量化作物长势是提高长势监测可靠性和准确性的一种有效方式,可为冬小麦田间管理提供科学依据,服务于发展智慧农业和建设农业强国的战略需求。     

海-陆交互作用与海岸带碳中和农业驱动

海岸带既是生态脆弱区也是低碳农业发展“前哨”。推动和发展碳中和农业符合时代所需,也符合绿色、可持续发展理念。基于此,本文阐述了在海岸带区域发展碳中和农业的相关问题和重要性。首先,本文阐释了海陆交互作用以及海岸带碳中和农业发展理念;然后,分析了海岸带碳中和农业驱动中的碳中和农业生物、人工光合作用与农业驱动以及该理念的工程化应用问题;最后,深入剖析了如何识别海岸带农业核心碳汇,包括原位监测、同位素标记与统计学分析方法,并在此基础上提出了农业碳汇增强技术,为后续海岸带碳中和农业的构建、发展和实践提供参考,同时对促进脆弱的海岸带生态系统的保护和绿色低碳农业的发展具有重要意义。     

玉米苗期杂草的计算机识别技术研究

利用计算机视觉技术和人工神经网络技术对识别玉米苗期田间杂草进行了研究。首先利用类间方差最大自动阈值法二值化杂草图像的超绿特征,再进行连续腐蚀与膨胀,然后根据长宽比、圆度、第一不变矩3个形状特征由BP网络识别出玉米幼苗,最后利用种子填充法从阈值分割结果中擦除玉米目标,剩余的就是杂草目标。研究表明,基于BP网络的杂草识别算法对玉米幼苗与杂草的正确识别率分别为87.5%和93.0%,处理一幅640×480像素的杂草图像平均耗时约为58 ms。     

长吻鮠精子保存液在人工授精中的应用试验

分别在安徽长江流域的无为和淮河流域的滁州进行长吻鮠的人工繁殖,使用LRH-A2、PG、混合激素B型、DOM 进行催产,从长江捕获的亲鱼立即催产,其催产率为66．67％,受精率80％-85％,经培育选择后催产率为83．33％,受精率65%- 87％。在滁州经多年培育的亲鱼催产率为100％,受精率78％-95％。精子保存液在精子保存和人工授精中使用效果良好。在冰桶内保存,20-30 h仍能保持良好的受精能力。     

澄海莱芜人工鱼礁集鱼效果初步评价

2003和2007年分别对澄海莱芜人工鱼礁区进行了投礁前的本底调查和投礁后的跟踪调查。结果表明,投礁后礁区海域游泳生物的资源密度明显比投礁前高,增加了25．63倍;礁区海域各类资源种类均比投礁前丰富,总种数由投礁前的23种增加至41种,比投礁前增加了0．78倍,其中,蟹类种数增加最多,增加了1．75倍;在本底调查中没有出现的经济种类龙头鱼Harpodon nehereus和红星梭子蟹Portunus sanguinolentus在跟踪调查中已成为主要优势种;Shannon—Wienver多样性指数（H’）在礁区和对比区均比投礁前有所增加。表明鱼礁投放后,鱼礁区集鱼效果和群落结构明显改善,人工鱼礁建设取得了明显的生态效益和经济效益。     

The potential of temporary shelters to increase survival of the endangered Mexican axolotl

1. Amphibian populations worldwide are in decline. Proactive conservation techniques such as translocations into created and restored wetlands have gained popularity in recent years but may fail owing to high predation and low environmental adaptability.
2. The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), affected by rapid urbanization, is now possibly extinct in the wild despite millions living in captivity throughout the world.
3. The aim of this study was to explore whether ponds from an artificial wetland can function as temporary shelters for a viable population of axolotls that could be re-introduced into their native ecosystem in Xochimilco once it is restored.
4. Egg-laying and hatching of 11 unique axolotl pairs placed into reproductive enclosures and larval survival to 7 weeks and up to 12 months were examined. Physicochemical and biological parameters were estimated and compared among ponds.
5. The results from this study are encouraging as they suggest that two ponds have adequate conditions for axolotls to reproduce and for larvae and juveniles to survive.

     

Economic evaluation of artificial insemination of sex‐sorted semen on a Brown Swiss dairy farm—A case study

Artificial insemination using sex‐sorted semen is employed to efficiently increase the number of female dairy calves born. Previous studies have determined that using sex‐sorted semen is beneficial to improve the management, but the mechanism by which it increases cattle numbers through objective indices of breeding remains unclear. This study focused on a Brown Swiss cattle herd in which frozen female sex‐sorted semen was systematically employed to increase the number of cattle. We analyzed the correlation between the increase in the number of cattle and the screening accuracy of sex‐sorted semen, measuring indices such as pregnancy rate and birth rate of female calves. Study revealed that: (1) production cost for female calves is influenced by the pregnancy rate, rate of female calves, and using sex‐sorted semen is less expensive than using nonsorted semen; (2) improvements in screening accuracy nearly doubled the number of cows and tripled the number of heifers in 5 years; and (3) use of sex‐sorted semen improved milk quality. The pregnancy rate was lower when sex‐sorted semen was used, but the birth rate of heifers was improved. Results suggest that artificial insemination using sex‐sorted semen is beneficial because it economically produces offspring to increase the herd.     

桑蚕卵电晕人工孵化技术研究：V.电晕处理蚕种的农村饲育

通过１９９４～１９９６年电晕处理蚕种的农村饲养，得到以下几点认识，在保证卵面消毒和排除孵化不齐因素情况下，电晕蚕种与浸酸蚕种的产量质量无显著差异，专供农用的大板电晕仪存在放电不匀，孵经不齐和孵化率欠高的问题，有待改进，电晕处理蚕种还须进行卵消毒。