Comparing the behavioural thermoregulation response to heat stress by Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) in two rivers

Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme thermal events in rivers. The Little Southwest Miramichi River (LSWM) and the Ouelle River (OR) are two Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rivers located in eastern Canada, where in recent years, water temperatures have exceeded known thermal limits (~23°C). Once temperature surpasses this threshold, juvenile salmon exploit thermal heterogeneity to behaviourally thermoregulate, forming aggregations in coolwater refuges. This study aimed to determine whether the behavioural thermoregulation response is universal across rivers, arising from common thermal cues. We detailed the temperature and discharge patterns of two geographically distinct rivers from 2010 to 2012 and compared these with aggregation onset temperature. PIT telemetry and snorkelling were used to confirm the presence of aggregations. Mean daily maximum temperature in 2010 was significantly greater in the OR versus the LSWM (p = 0.005), but not in other years (p = 0.090–0.353). Aggregations occurred on 14 and 9 occasions in the OR and LSWM respectively. Temperature at onset of aggregation was significantly greater in the OR (T_onset = 28.3°C) than in the LSWM (T_onset = 27.3°C; p = 0.049). Logistic regression models varied by river and were able to predict the probability of aggregation based on the preceding number of hours >23°C (R² = 0.61 & 0.65; P₅₀ = 27.4°C & 28.9°C; in the OR and LSWM respectively). These results imply the preceding local thermal regime may influence behaviour and indicate a degree of phenotypic plasticity, illustrating a need for localised management strategies.     

黑荆树单宁浸取技术的研究

采用分段浸取新工艺是黑荆树皮单宁提取的关键技术。即以平转型连续最提为常压段、以水平渗滤（进、出）垂直釜为加压段，经生产考核，其工艺先进、运行可靠、经济合理、操作简便，产品质量稳定。     

党的先进性建设如何借鉴国际共产主义运动的基本经验教训

前苏联及东欧共产党丧失执政地位使国际共产主义运动遭受重大挫折的原因有很多，最重要的因素是苏东共产党蜕化变质。没有按照党的先进性来建设党，丧失了党的思想、理论、阶级基础、群众基础、前进方向的先进性，从而失去了它作为无产阶级先锋队的作用，削弱乃至丧失了执政能力，最终葬送了社会主义事业也葬送了党的自身。国际共产主义的经验教训对中国共产党人在全党开展先进性建设的启示是深刻而巨大的：在新的形势下必须坚持党在指导思想上与时俱进；必须从严治党，建立党的先进性建设长效机制；必须加强党的执政能力建设。巩固党的执政基础；必须加大反腐败力度。永葆党的先进性。     

Use of space by bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) in a polish farm landscape

Movements of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) were studied in a farmland mosaic in Poland. Distances crossed by animals in short-time periods are significantly longer in heterogenous than in homogenous habitats. In long-time and large-spatial scales, a significant portion of the animals in a population travel among habitat elements of the mosaic, reducing the degree of isolation of patch populations and decreasing the probability of local extinction.     

高寒地区不同建植期人工草地群落垂直结构和生产力变化的研究

对高寒地区不同建植期人工草地群落垂直结构和生产力的变化研究结果表明：（1）随着人工草地建植时间的延长,人工草地群落垂穗披碱草高度异质性逐渐减小.（2） 不同建植期（1999、1998、1997年建植）人工草地垂穗披碱草和群落平均地上生物量均主要分布在0 ～20cm冠层中,约占平均地上生物量的61.03%、90.64%、84.55%和67.47%、92.54%、86.08%.（3） 不同建植期 （1999、1998、1997年建植）人工草地群落平均地下生物量均主要分布在0～10cm土层中,约占地下总生物量的85.97%、81.73%和78.47%.（4） 建植的人工草地如果其组分单一,即物种的丰富度很低时,均匀度增加,物种对环境资源的竞争力和利用率提高,导致土壤资源库中某些营养成分缺乏,草地群落初级生产力因此而降低。     

Movement of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in the stems of lettuce and seed contamination

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians , the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce (BLS), can be seedborne, but the mechanism by which the bacteria contaminates and/or infects lettuce seed is not known. In this study, the capacity of X. campestris pv. vitians to enter and translocate within the vascular system of lettuce plants was examined. The stems of 8- to 11-week-old lettuce plants were stab-inoculated, and movement of X. campestris pv. vitians was monitored at various intervals. At 4, 8, 12 and 16 h post-inoculation (hpi), X. campestris pv. vitians was recovered from 2 to 10 cm above (depending on stem length) and 2 cm below the inoculation site. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians was also recovered from surface-disinfested stem sections of spray-inoculated plants. Together, these results are consistent with X. campestris pv. vitians invading and moving systemically within the vascular system of lettuce plants. To investigate the mechanism of seed contamination, lettuce plants at the vegetative stage of growth were spray-inoculated with X. campestris pv. vitians and allowed to develop BLS. Seed collected from these plants had a 2% incidence of X. campestris pv. vitians external colonization, but no bacteria were recovered from within the seed.     

香蕉束顶病毒(BBTV)侵染对寄主内源激素的影响

 本试验用ELISA方法测定了香蕉感染束顶病毒(BBTV)后植株体内的3种内源激素,赤霉素(GA₃)、玉米素类(iPAs)和脱落酸(ABA)的变化。结果表明,感株的GA₃水平在侵染过程中虽有微弱增加,但含量和增长速度显著低于健株对照;iPAs在接种BBTV第14天后明显下降,并维持较低水平;ABA在BBTV侵染后被大量诱导增加并不断积累,在接种后第35天测定含量最高,为对照的3.34倍。试验还同时检测了BBTV在侵染过程中的运转。用间接ELISA测定的接种叶和顶叶的BBTV含量显示:接种21天后BBTV在接种叶和顶叶中还大量增殖,呈系统性分布。但寄主的症状在接种35天后才逐渐在顶叶表现。以上结果表明:香蕉束顶病的症状表现似乎主要与病株中的内源激素的失调有关,而与BBTV在体内的运转并不直接相关     

基于纵向传导的蔬菜批零价格关系研究——以北京市果类蔬菜为例

从蔬菜产业的纵向看,批发和零售是两个重要环节,蔬菜批发价格和零售价格的走势以及它们之间的关系是各界关注的焦点。本文以北京市场为例,以番茄和黄瓜两种果类蔬菜的按日批零价格为对象,运用有限分布滞后模型和误差修正模型进行实证分析,研究蔬菜批零价格间的传导关系,并在此基础上揭示蔬菜批发价格在蔬菜价格形成中的作用。研究发现:蔬菜批零价格走势基本一致,相关系数很高;批零价格间存在批发价格向零售价格单向传导的因果关系;批零价格的传导是顺畅的,但不同种蔬菜传导的时间效应有所不同;批发价格在蔬菜价格形成中占据主导作用,当蔬菜价格受到冲击时,若零售价格过高则其会向着批发价格下调,若批发价格过高则零售价格会随之走高。     

近32年来新疆地区植被覆盖的时空变化

基于拟合的长时间序列数据监测新疆植被时空动态变化。结果表明,近32年来,新疆植被总体呈现增加趋势,但存在明显的阶段变化和空间差异;植被生长季NDVI值西部和西北部高,东部和东南部低;1982-2013年间新疆植被改善面积大于退化面积,绿洲农田植被覆盖区改善明显、草原区退化严重;整个研究区域的植被重心从北向南移动,天山以北的植被重心呈现西南-东北方向移动,天山以南呈现近似东西方向的移动。     

Movement rules for juvenile steelhead: dynamic linking of movement behaviour to habitat and density

We incorporated explanatory factors including stream habitat type and fish density into individual‐based models with dynamic connections among adjacent habitat units to infer dispersal behaviour of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in a Great Lakes watershed. We used mark–recapture data and an inverse modelling approach to estimate daily probability of steelhead moving out of a habitat unit, P(move), according to four competing models. The models used included (i) a null model where all fish had equal movement probability; (ii) a habitat‐dependent model where P(move) depended on the habitat type; (iii) a density‐dependent model of P(move); and (iv) a model where P(move) depended on both density and habitat type. The habitat‐dependent model provided the most parsimonious fit to the observed data according to Akaike's information criteria (AICc). In the null model, P(move) averaged 0.70, whereas P(move) averaged 0.75 in pools, 0.68 in riffles and 0.73 in runs in the habitat‐dependent model.