运输密度和时间对单环刺螠保活运输品质的影响

为探讨单环刺螠无水保活运输的适宜密度和时间,通过分析对照组、低密度组、中密度组和高密度组单环刺螠的生理应激和品质指标,考察了在4°C条件下,不同运输密度和时间对单环刺螠的影响。试验结果表明,在所有试验时间点,3个密度组单环刺螠的皮质醇含量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,胁迫24 h后,持水力和乳酸含量与对照组相比均发生显著变化（P<0.05）;运输密度胁迫对葡萄糖含量的影响较大,12～60 h,高密度组葡萄糖含量均显著高于低密度组和中密度组（P<0.05）;而36和60 h,各密度组之间超氧化物歧化酶活力没有显著差异（P>0.05）;各组丙二醛含量变化与超氧化物歧化酶变化趋势相同。在单环刺螠的保活运输过程中,推荐中运输密度<1.0 kg/L、运输时间<24 h,可以更好地保持单环刺螠的品质。     

单环刺螠精巢年周期发育及精子发生

采用组织学方法观察了单环刺螠(Urechis unicinctus)精巢的形态结构及其年周期发育,并利用超微技术观察了精子的发生过程。结果表明,单环刺螠的精巢呈条带状,位于虫体尾部,两端通过肌束分别与呼吸肠管壁外侧和体壁内侧相连。精巢由生精细胞团与结缔组织组成,结缔组织位于精巢中央,精原细胞团分布于结缔组织外周,精母细胞团散布于结缔组织内,各级精母细胞脱离精巢落入体腔液中,历经精母细胞、精细胞,最后形成精子脱离细胞团进入肾管。根据精巢的组织学特征,将单环刺螠的精巢年周期发育划分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期5个时期。光镜和电镜下观察了精巢和体腔液中精子发生各时期的结构变化,包括细胞核形态的变化、顶体发生以及尾部的形成。本研究揭示了单环刺螠的精巢发育特点、精子发生历经的场所和分化特征。     

单环刺螠人工养殖研究进展

单环刺螠是一种具有重要经济价值和潜在药用价值的海洋无脊椎动物,极具养殖开发前景。本文对单环刺螠的形态结构、温度、盐度、pH的适应范围、摄食习性、繁殖习性、苗种繁育、营养价值、对硫化物的耐受与解毒能力、人工养殖潜力进行了综述,以期有效地开展滨海地区单环刺螠的保护以及管理工作,有序推动室外池塘养殖、室内工厂化养殖和滩涂放养模式的开展。     

Short-term storage and cryopreservation of Urechis unicinctus (Echiura: Urechidae) sperm

In the present study, attempts were made to preserve Urechis unicinctus sperm at 4°C. Cryopreservation procedures were optimized for various cryoprotectants and freezing rates, equilibration times and dilution ratios. During short‐term storage, the motility of undiluted sperm was extended for 6 days of cold storage,and in 70% and 100% artificial seawater only persisted for 2 and 4 days respectively. The survival rate of undiluted sperm was maintained at a high level accordingly. After cryopreservation, the highest motility and survival rate (41.5±2.2%) were obtained in 15% dimethyl sulphoxide (Me₂SO) using a freezing rate of 30°C min^?1. After thawing the sperm cryopreserved in glycerol lost almost all motility. The motility and survival rate of post‐thawing sperm did not show significant differences after 8 and 15 min equilibration using 15% Me₂SO as cryoprotectant; the values were significantly higher than those of 2 min equilibration. Comparisons of motility and survival rate between treatments pooled by dilution ratio showed that the effect of 1:1 ratio (sperm volume to cryoprotectant volume) was best. There was no difference between 1:3 and 1:5, and other ratioswere significantly worse.     

单环刺螠体壁氨基酸组分与含量的分析

单环刺螠体壁肌含有１８种氨基酸（其总量占体壁肌干重的５７．３９％）。其中,８种人体必需氨基酸含量 １７．７９％。５种鲜味氨基酸（Ｇｉｎ,Ａｓｐ,Ａｒｇ,Ａｌａ,Ｇｌｙ）含量都比较高。必需氨基酸含量组成模式与人体需要模式较接 近。支／芳值高达２．５９,接近正常人的支／芳值     

单环刺螠的繁殖生物学

运用实验生态学和组织学方法研究了单环刺螠的性比、性腺指数、繁殖力、胚胎与胚后发育等繁殖生物学特征,并采用正交实验法分析了单环刺螠受精率和孵化率的最佳环境条件,为单环刺螠的人工增养殖提供科学依据。结果显示,单环刺螠雌、雄比例为1∶1.17,雄性略多于雌性。成熟卵径为(145.16±1.70)μm×(141.27±1.94)μm,处于第1次成熟分裂前期。绝对繁殖力为111 800～720 488(449 684±265 905)粒,相对繁殖力为2 214～12 702(6 849±4 854)粒,怀卵量与体质量呈显著正相关。生物学最小型体长约7 cm,体质量为11.21 g。精子密度为(5.88±0.52)×109个/mL,雄性个体平均精子数为(2.41±0.73)×1010个/只。雌性性腺指数在繁殖季节4—5月份呈现2个峰值,表明单环刺螠为分批产卵类型。在盐度25、水温15°C的条件下,胚胎发育经20～24 h孵化。组织学研究表明,单环刺螠为间黄卵,进行不等全裂,且有螺旋卵裂的特征,形成偏极囊胚,原肠作用方式为外包和内陷。胚后发育经担轮幼虫(孵化后1～10 d)、体节幼虫(11～20 d)、蠕虫状幼虫(21～30 d)发育为幼螠。正交实验结果表明,单环刺螠受精率的最佳环境条件为温度25°C、盐度35、pH 8～9;孵化率的最佳环境条件为温度15°C、盐度25、pH 8～9。     

单环刺螠生物扰动对沉积物-水界面氮磷扩散通量的影响

为了解单环刺螠生物扰动作用对沉积物-水界面氮磷扩散通量的影响及其持续性,于2020年11—12月,采用室内实验生态学的方法,设置低密度 (LD,500 尾/m²)、中密度 (MD,2 500 尾/m²)、高密度 (HD,8 300 尾/m²)处理组和1个对照组 (CO,0 尾/m²),进行了2 d为一个实验时段,为期20 d的模拟实验。结果显示,处理组溶解无机氮(DIN)扩散通量变化范围为10.6~765.3 μmol/(m²·d),与对照组相比,低、中、高处理组的DIN通量分别提高了57%、76%、88%。NH₄⁺是DIN的主要贡献者,对DIN的贡献在低、中、高处理组中分别占55%、65%和80%。与对照组相比,低、中、高密度组的平均NH₄⁺通量分别提高了39%、111%和257%,与低、中密度处理组平均NH₄⁺通量相比,高密度处理组分别提高了43.7%和23.6%。在第2~10天,NH₄⁺通量处于持续增加的趋势。处理组PO₄³⁻通量变化范围为−7.85~6.42 μmol/(m²·d),第2~6天,处理组PO₄³⁻通量持续增加。研究表明,单环刺螠的生物扰动能够持续地促进DIN由沉积物向水体中扩散,且存在明显的密度效应。研究结果将为深入认识单环刺螠在水层-底栖系统耦合过程中的生态作用提供基础数据。     

Extraction and Identification of Three New Urechis unicinctus Visceral Peptides and Their Antioxidant Activity

The viscera of Urechis unicinctus with polypeptides, fatty acids, and amino acids are usually discarded during processing to food. In order to improve the utilization value of the viscera of Urechis unicinctus and avoid resource waste, antioxidant polypeptides were isolated from the viscera of Urechis unicinctus. First, a protein hydrolysate of Urechis unicinctus (UUPH) was prepared by ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis, and the degree of hydrolysis was as high as 79.32%. Subsequently, three new antioxidant peptides (P1, P2, and P3) were purified from UUPH using ultrafiltration and chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were identified as VTSALVGPR, IGLGDEGLRR, TKIRNEISDLNER, respectively. Then, the antioxidant activity of the polypeptide was predicted by the structure–activity relationship and finally verified by experiments on eukaryotic cells. The P1 peptide exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity among these three antioxidant peptides. Furthermore, P1, P2, and P3 have no toxic effect on RAW264.7 cells at the concentration of 0.01~2 mg/mL and can protect RAW264.7 cells from H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggested that these three new antioxidant peptides were isolated from the viscera of Urechis unicinctus, especially the P1 peptide, which might serve as potential antioxidants applied in health-derived food or beverages. This study further developed a new use of the by-product of Urechis unicinctus, which improved the comprehensive utilization of marine biological resources.     

单环刺虫益人工育苗技术的研究

在单环刺自然繁殖期，以诱导法或剖取法获取精、卵，在水温１５～２２℃下，进行授精、孵化、幼虫培育。对幼培育过程的设施、理化条件、管理技术等进行了研究试验。结果：１９９４年，单位水体平均培育幼１６８４个／；１９９５年，单位水体平均培育幼４０６万个／。经专家鉴定，这项成果达国际先进水平     

单环刺螠生活史研究

有关单环刺发育周期的研究，国内外迄今未见专门报道。本文报道了烟台沿岸单环刺早期胚胎发育、各期幼虫形态标志、幼和成的形态特征的研究结果。