几种利用乳中尿素氮浓度估测尿氮排泄量模型的评价

本文利用34组国内外报道的荷斯坦牛乳中尿素氮浓度和尿氮排泄量的实测数据，对目前提出的部分利用MUN估测尿氮排泄量的模型进行了比较。结果表明，Zhai（2005）提出的模型[UN（g/d）：10．1×MUN（mg／dL）＋47.3]预测效果较好（P〉0．05）。划分MUN浓度范围分别建立模型可能会提高预测的准确度。此外，根据34组数据做简单回归：UN（g/d）=12．78×MUN（mg/d1）＋28．15（n=34，R2=0．59）。     

Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in cats. HYPOTHESIS: Some baseline variables are associated with shorter survival times in cats with CKD. ANIMALS: Client-owned cats. METHODS: Cats with CKD with initial plasma creatinine concentration > or =2.0 mg/dL and urine specific gravity (USG) < or = 1.025 were recruited into a prospective clinical trial that compared benazepril with a placebo. We describe baseline variables in 190 cats and their influence on renal survival time in the placebo group (95 cats), which was followed for up to 1,097 days. Renal survival time was defined as the time from initiation of therapy to the need for parenteral fluid therapy, euthanasia, or death related to renal failure. RESULTS: Of the 95 cats treated with a placebo, 58 were censored and 37 reached the renal survival end point (died, n = 0; euthanized, n = 17; parenteral fluids, n = 12; parenteral fluids followed by euthanasia, n = 8). Increased plasma creatinine concentration, increased urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC), and increased blood leukocyte count were significantly (P < .01) associated with a shorter renal survival time and were independent risk factors. Increased concentrations of plasma phosphate or urea, and lower blood hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit were significantly (P < .01) associated with a shorter renal survival time and were dependent risk factors, because they also were significantly (P < .01) correlated with plasma creatinine concentration at baseline. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Several variables were significantly associated with a shorter renal survival time in cats with CKD.     

生物质灰渣与化肥混合对氨挥发的影响

采用室内恒温培养,碱液吸收法测定灰渣-化肥中氮的挥发量,研究了锯木灰、谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰分别与不同化肥配比下,在一定时间内的氨挥发规律。结果表明:四种灰渣在N1、N2、N3水平下,随着时间的增加氨的挥发量和挥发率呈先增大后减小的趋势,各处理的峰值多出现在10~15 d的培养阶段;谷壳灰、玉米灰、水稻灰添加磷酸二氢钾能明显抑制混合物中氨的挥发,而锯木灰添加氯化钾、磷酸二氢钾均能抑制氨的挥发;在四种灰渣中,锯木灰处理的氨挥发率明显高于其他三种灰渣,特别是在N3水平下比同期的其他灰渣处理高5倍。Elovich方程和抛物线扩散方程均能较好拟合氨的挥发量随时间的变化,其相关系数均达到极显著水平。     

添加尿素和秸秆对三熟制水旱轮作土壤各形态氮素的影响

添加不同外源氮对土壤中不同形态氮素的转化具有十分重要的影响。选取长期耕作土壤,设置对照、添加尿素N 150 kg/hm~2(U150)、添加秸秆(相当于添加N 38 kg/hm~2,Straw)、添加尿素N 150 kg/hm~2+秸秆(相当于添加N188 kg/hm~2,U150+Straw)和添加尿素N 188 kg/hm~2(U188)5个处理进行室内培养试验,研究了添加不同外源氮对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物生物量氮含量的影响。结果表明,土壤铵态氮随着培养时间的延长表现为先增后减的趋势,添加尿素的两个处理其土壤铵态氮较Straw、U150+Straw处理能够更快地达到峰值;而土壤硝态氮则表现为逐步增加的趋势。添加尿素处理能够显著提高土壤矿质氮的含量,在添加等量氮素的条件下,U188处理矿质氮含量在培养期间始终高于U150+Straw处理;此外,U150+Straw处理矿质氮含量在培养前期均低于U150处理,至培养30天后其含量略高于U150处理。与对照相比,培养结束时添加不同外源氮素处理的土壤矿质氮含量能够提高169.61%~496.75%。对于微生物生物量氮和可溶性有机氮而言,添加不同外源氮素分别在培养10天和30天达到峰值,此后逐渐降低。不同处理而言,添加秸秆+尿素、添加秸秆处理的微生物生物量氮和可溶性有机氮含量在培养前期明显高于仅添加尿素的两个处理,说明添加有机物料氮源主要有益于提高土壤有机态的氮素含量。     

太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响

在太湖地区乌栅土上,采用田间小区试验连续两年研究了施氮(N)量为0、180、255、330kg hm-2,施磷(P2O5)量为0、309、0、180 kg hm-2的6个组合(对照N0P0、低氮N180P90、优化N255P90、低磷N255P30、高磷N255P180、高氮N330P90)以及三个施肥时期对稻田氨挥发损失的影响,氨挥发采用密闭室间歇通气法测定。结果表明,稻田氨挥发损失主要发生在施肥后6d内,基肥和第一次追肥后各处理氨挥发量占施氮量的0.4%~11.5%,而第二次追肥后氨挥发损失比例较大,对照、低氮、优化、低磷、高磷和高氮处理的氨挥发在2002年稻季分别占施氮量的5.8%、9.7%、25.6%、15.6%和11.6%,在2003年稻季则分别为27.4%、26.2%、30.0%、35.1%和27.6%。若施肥后遇阴雨天气或正值水稻拔节孕穗期,氨挥发量便降低。田面水中的NH4 -N浓度是氨挥发的决定因素之一,与氨挥发通量呈正相关。施磷量相同时,氨挥发随施氮量增加而增加;施氮量相同时,高磷和低磷处理氨挥发均高于优化处理,表明在氮磷不平衡施用时,氮肥氨挥发损失会加剧,从氨挥发损失方面考虑,稻田推荐施磷量不宜超过P2O590 kg hm-2。     

菌种添加量对生物预处理小麦秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

对小麦秸秆进行了氨-生物联合预处理,在实验室自制的小型厌氧发酵装置上,对预处理后的小麦秸秆进行了厌氧发酵制取沼气试验,探讨了氨-生物联合预处理中,菌种的添加量对小麦秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的影响.结果表明,在氨预处理尿素溶液质量浓度为35 g/L,生物预处理pH值为4,黄孢原毛平革菌和里氏木霉的添加比例为1∶1(数量级为109)的条件下,小麦秸秆厌氧发酵过程中沼气总产气量最大,为7 968 mL,较空白组提高了23.11％.发酵过程终了pH值、VFA和甲烷的变化均在正常的范围内,甲烷最高体积分数为51.33％,较空白组提高了6.01％,整个发酵过程历时23 d.     

Evolution of dinitrogen and nitrous oxide from the soil to the atmosphere through rice plants

Summary It is commonly assumed that a large fraction of fertilizer N applied to a rice (Oryza sativa L.) field is lost from the soil-water-plant system as a result of denitrification. Direct evidence to support this view, however, is limited. The few direct field, denitrification gas measurements that have been made indicate less N loss than that determined by ¹⁵N balance after the growing season. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the N₂ produced during denitrification in a flooded soil remains trapped in the soil system and does not evolve to the atmosphere until the soil dries or is otherwise disturbed. It seems likely, however, that N₂ produced in the soil uses the rice plants as a conduit to the atmosphere, as does methane. Methane evolution from a rice field has been demonstrated to occur almost exclusively through the rice plants themselves. A field study in Cuttack, India, and a greenhouse study in Fort Collins, Colorado, were conducted to determine the influence of rice plants on the transport of N₂ and N₂O from the soil to the atmosphere. In these studies, plots were fertilized with 75 or 99 atom % ¹⁵N-urea and ¹⁵N techniques were used to monitor the daily evolution of N₂ and N₂O. At weekly intervals the amount of N₂+N₂O trapped in the flooded soil and the total-N and fertilized-N content of the soil and plants were measured in the greenhouse plots. Direct measurement of N₂+N₂O emission from field and greenhouse plots indicated that the young rice plant facilitates the efflux of N₂ and N₂O from the soil to the atmosphere. Little N gas was trapped in the rice-planted soils while large quantities were trapped in the unplanted soils. N losses due to denitrification accounted for only up to 10% of the loss of added N in planted soils in the field or greenhouse. The major losses of fertilizer N from both the field and greenhouse soils appear to have been the result of NH₃ volatilization.     

尿素施肥量对土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

不同肥料用量对土壤生物学过程的影响研究是肥域(际)土壤生态学研究的重要内容之一。本试验采用室内模拟培养试验,研究了不同尿素施肥量对潮土微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:放线菌和霉菌对尿素施肥量比较敏感,B(肥土比1:1500)施肥量就可以明显降低它们的数量,分别比不施肥(A)下降45.5%和32.2%。硝化细菌在D(肥土比1:400)施肥量时数量最大,之后随施肥量增加而下降,反硝化细菌随施肥量增加直线下降。土壤酶活性均在E(肥土比1:200)施肥量时发生明显变化,脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性急剧下降。     

硫代硫酸铵对尿素氮形态转化的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了硫代硫酸铵(ATS)对土壤尿素态氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,ATS不仅抑制土壤脲酶的活性,增加土壤中尿素态氮的含量,还抑制了硝化作用的发生,减少硝态氮的生成量。特别当ATS达2.5mgg-1时,抑制效果更明显,大大提高了尿素的利用效率。     

尿素氮形态转化对腐殖酸的响应

通过模拟试验研究了不同用量腐殖酸对土壤中尿素氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸对尿素态氮形态转化的影响受其施用量的制约。与对照相比,低浓度腐殖酸(<15gkg-1)对尿素水解及以后的氮转化过程抑制作用较小,有时甚至促进了尿素水解;高浓度腐殖酸(15gkg-1和20gkg-1)则能明显的抑制尿素水解,延长尿素态氮在土壤中的停留时间,增加铵态氮含量,减少硝态氮的生成及氮素损失量,大大提高尿素利用效率。由此可见,腐殖酸不仅是一种脲酶抑制剂,还是一种硝化抑制剂。