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1.
    
Total labor time on paddy rice has been decreasing year by year with the development and introduction of appropriate herbicides, especially ‘one‐shot' herbicides. However, in the case of application of granules, it is still difficult for a farmer to apply herbicides while carrying heavy power backpack sprayers. New formulation recipes and different application technology such as a throw‐in type formulation on jumbo granules or flowable has improved heavy workloads in comparison with granule application by using heavy power backpack sprayers. In addition, other advantageous points such as application volume and elimination of the drift problems of this new application technology were introduced and confirmed. As a result of this introduction, these formulations were used in 830 000 ha and reached 30% of the total treatment area in paddy rice in 2000.  相似文献   
2.
    
Because limited information is available about the validated use of a chlorophyll meter for predicting nitrogen requirements for optimum growth and yield of wheat after application of herbicides, field experiments were carried out in the winter seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 under different weed and N fertilization treatments. Five weeded treatments, application of herbicides 25 days after sowing (DAS), hand pulling once at 55 DAS and a weedy check were combined with four N application rates. Weeds were completely absent in the non-fertilized plots, either with metribuzin or hand pulling as well as in isoproturon-treated plots fertilized with 190 or 285 kg N ha?1. The grain yield was similar in the treatments of isoproturon × 190 kg N ha?1, isoproturon + diflufenican × conditional N treatment (113.9) or 190 kg N ha?1, hand pulling × conditional N treatment (104.8) or 285 kg N ha?1 and metribuzin × 190 kg N ha?1. Under weeded practices, conditional N treatment recorded the maximum nitrogen use efficiency and almost equaled the grain protein content of the 190 kg N ha?1 application rate. N application based on SPAD readings saved about 40.0% and 44.8% N with isoproturon + diflufenican or hand pulling, respectively, compared to the recommended rate (190 kg N ha?1) without noticeable yield loss.  相似文献   
3.
    
An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) for cyhalofop-butyl was developed with a polyclonal antibody produced against a hapten (cyhalofop acid) conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The ELISA of cyhalofop-butyl showed an IC50 value of 0.067 ± 0.004 mg/l and the limit of detection (LOD, IC10) of 0.0029 ± 0.0001 mg/l at the optimal conditions. No significant cross-reaction to other structure-related compounds suggested high specificity for cyhalofop-butyl of the method. The average recoveries of cyhalofop-butyl from fortified water and soil were in the range of 83.2-119.7% and 80.1-104.0%, respectively. These data indicate that this method is a convenient analytical technique for monitoring cyhalofop-butyl in water and soil without purification steps.  相似文献   
4.
应用10%草甘膦水剂、30%飞达可溶性粉剂、20%克无踪水剂3种化学除草剂在优质绿化苗木培育中进行对比试验,试验效果均较显著,其中30%飞达可溶性粉剂使用方便,成本较低,效果最好,可大面积推广。  相似文献   
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Field studies were undertaken to explore the weed management strategies for transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in the Dera Ismail Khan district of North-west Frontier Province, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split plot arrangement. The main plots consisted of two planting techniques (transplantation and direct seeding), while weed control practises assigned to the subplots included the use of the granular herbicide Sunstar 15WG (ethoxy sulfuron), Machete 60EC (butachlor), conventional hand weeding, and the weedy check (untreated control). Data were recorded on weed dynamics and the agronomic parameters of the rice crop. Economic analyses on the data were also run. The weed density and biomass were lower in the transplantation plots than the direct-seeding plots. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor reduced the density over the weedy check, with a density comparable to hand weeding in 2002, but slightly higher in 2003. As a result of weed management by hand weeding and herbicides, the paddy yield and its components were significantly higher for the transplanted method compared to the direct-seeded method. The comparable yield of herbicides with hand weeding offers an option for the use of herbicides as an alternative management tool. In light of our findings, it is concluded that for good economic returns, rice crops may be transplanted rather than direct-seeded. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor offer a weed control cover comparable with hand weeding under the transplantation method, while butachlor is good for controlling weeds even under the direct-seeded conditions in the agroclimatic conditions of the area.  相似文献   
8.
    
Organoclays were assayed as matrices in which to associate herbicides, with the aim of decreasing product losses that could give rise to water contamination from agricultural activities. Fenuron was selected as model of a very mobile and highly water-soluble herbicide. Two different organoclays of high (A-HDT) and low (H-C18) reversible fenuron sorption were selected. Herbicide-organoclay complexes were prepared from the two organoclays and with two different fenuron contents (20 and 40 g AI kg-1) and two different mixing times, so as to form a series of weak and strong complexes. The release of fenuron from those complexes into water and water/soil suspensions gave values of T50 (time to release 50% of the fenuron content) ranging from 0.3 min to 2400 h. The total fenuron released in these closed systems ranged from 48 to 80% of the fenuron in the complex. The organoclay type (high or low sorptivity) had the greatest influence on fenuron release, followed by the strong or weak complex, suggesting that herbicide-organoclay interactions are the main factors controlling release. Soil column leaching experiments showed fenuron-organoclay complexes to be effective in reducing the peak herbicide concentration in the leachate to a half (6 microns) or a quarter (3 microns) of that obtained from the free technical compound (12 microns). Herbicide lost through leaching was reduced from 78% for the free technical fenuron to 50-30%, depending on the organoclay used as carrier and the strength of the complex. Bioassay with ryegrass showed that the weak fenuron/H-C18 complex (40 g AI kg-1) gave the same herbicidal activity as technical fenuron. The potential suitability of low-sorptive organoclays for conferring slow-release properties on the fenuron complex has been demonstrated.  相似文献   
9.
    
Twelve herbicides, representatives of two chemical groups, substituted phenoxyalkanoic acids and s-triazines, were tested for their inhibitory effect on the glucuronidation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), phenolphthalein (PPh) and 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) by rat liver microsomes. One millimole MCPA, ametryn and cyanazine significantly decreased PPh UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activity, while propazine was found to be a most potent inhibitor of 4-NP glucuronidation. Concentrations of 0.1 mM dichlorprop and cyanazine were still inhibitory against PPh-UGT. The inhibition of 4-MU glucuronidation by the herbicides was low and not specific. As a whole, s-triazine derivatives were more inhibitory than the substituted phenoxyalkanoic acids. Kinetic studies with propazine revealed a non-competitive type of inhibition towards the acceptor substrate 4-NP, with an apparent Ki value of 0.540 mM . With ametryn, an uncompetitive type of inhibition against PPh and a mixed type of inhibition towards UDPGA were found, with apparent Ki values of 0.330 mM and 0.380 mM , respectively. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
10.
    
This paper reviews the literature on weeds and weed control in papaya. There is limited research on this topic, and nearly all of the research focuses on herbicides. Effective use of paraquat and glyphosate in papaya is dependent on avoidance of spray contact to green bark and foliage. Pre-emergence herbicide tolerance is dependent on papaya age, size and maturity, and soil type. Only one herbicide, oryzalin is shown to be tolerated by papaya immediately after transplanting. Herbicides such as diuron and oxyfluorfen with a broader spectrum of weed control generally injure young papaya, however they can be effectively used if the initial application of these herbicides is delayed until papaya attains certain size or maturity indices. There is a need for further research on weeds and weed control to improve the efficiency of papaya production  相似文献   
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