草鱼出血病病毒减毒的研究

草鱼出血病病毒ＧＣＨＶ－８２９野毒株在ＰＳＦ细胞连续传代过程,于培养液中加入一定浓度的桉液,传至１９代已达减毒目的,继续传至２９代其减毒效果保持稳定,２７代后不再加入桉液,继续传至３７代其减毒效果仍然保持稳定不变。致弱病毒对草鱼的安全性好,免疫原性强,用该弱毒株制备的弱毒疫苗免疫草鱼后,草鱼的成活率和免疫保护率均达１００％,表明桉液的草鱼出血病病毒的一种良好减毒剂,经桉液减毒的ＧＣＨＡＶ－８９２是     

柱状黄杆菌对草鱼TLRs基因表达水平的影响

用柱状黄杆菌Flavobacterium columnare G4株感染草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idella,分别在感染1、4、7d后提取感染组和对照组草鱼鳃、脾脏、肝脏、肠道和头肾5种组织的总RNA,并采用半定量RT-PCR方法检测不同组织中Toll样受体3(TLR3)、Toll样受体7(TLR7)和Toll样受体22(TLR22)3个抗病毒免疫基因的表达变化.结果表明:注射柱状黄杆菌7d后,TLR3在草鱼鳃、肝脏、肠道和头肾4种组织中的表达显著上调(P＜0.05);注射柱状黄杆菌4d和7d后,TLR7和TLR22在5种组织中的表达均显著上调(P＜0.05);而注射柱状黄杆菌1d后,TLR22在鳃、脾脏和肝脏组织中的相对表达量就显著上调(P＜0.05).研究表明,TLR3、TLR7和TLR22基因在机体应对细菌感染的免疫反应过程中发挥着重要的作用.     

艾佐迈对草鱼生长、肠道消化酶活性和血清非特异性免疫的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%艾佐迈(azomite),饲养平均体质量为(64.20±1.68)g的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)8周,研究其对草鱼生长性能、肠道消化酶活性和血清非特异性免疫的影响.结果表明:饲料中添加艾佐迈可在不同程度上改善草鱼生长性能,其中添加0.2%艾佐迈使增质量率提高16.65%(P=0.08),饲料系数降低12.90%(P＜0.05);添加0.2%和0.4%艾佐迈可显著提高草鱼的肥满度(P＜0.05);艾佐迈对草鱼肌肉水分、灰分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量均无影响(P＞0.05);添加0.2%～0.4%艾佐迈可在不同程度上提高草鱼前肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性及血清超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)活性.其中0.2%艾佐迈添加组可显著提高血清SOD活性(P＜0.05);饲料中添加0.2%、0.3%艾佐迈时草鱼肝胰脏谷草转氨酶(glutamic-oxalaceric transaminase,GOT)和谷丙转氨酶(glutamic-pyruvic transaminase,GPT)活性无影响(P＞0.05),但添加0.4%艾佐迈组显著降低了肝胰脏GOT、GPT活性.上述结果表明:饲料中添加艾佐迈可提高草鱼的生长性能和血清非特异性免疫力;草鱼饲料中艾佐迈添加量建议为0.2%.     

Seminal plasma composition and its relationship with physical spermatological parameters of Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) semen: with emphasis on sperm motility

In this research, the mineral and organic composition of the seminal plasma, physical spermatological parameters and their physiological relationships were investigated in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The seminal plasma contained 98.14±5.23 mM L^?1 (Na⁺), 380.85±25.95 mM L^?1 (K⁺), 30.25±4.96 mg dL^?1 (Ca²⁺), 19.16±1.70 mEq L^?1 (Mg²⁺), 1.36±0.11 mg dL^?1 glucose, 0.37±0.08 g dL^?1 total protein, 12.02±1.18 mg dL^?1 cholesterol, 14.85±1.50 mg dL^?1 triglyceride and 43.5±9.56 mg dL^?1 urea. The following spermatological parameters were found: sperm volume 14.44±1.16 mL, sperm motility 80.60±1.55%, movement duration 67.68±4.32 s, density 15.43±0.72 × 10⁹ mL^?1, total density 337.43+45.86 × 10⁹ and pH 7.24±0.17. The Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions correlated negatively with spermatozoa motility (r=?0.453, P>0.05 and r=?0.192, P>0.05) respectively. The K⁺ ion correlated positively with spermatozoa motility (r=0.545, P>0.05). But a statistically significant correlation was not observed between sperm motility and seminal plasma parameters. The following correlations were observed between mineral and organic components. The Mg²⁺ was positively correlated with glucose and cholesterol (r=0.692, P<0.05 and r=0.680, P<0.05) respectively. A highly significant positive relationship was also found between Mg²⁺ and total protein (r=0.837, P<0.01). On the other hand, a significantly negative relationship was found between Ca²⁺ and triglyceride (r=?0.639, P<0.05). These parameters should be considered when developing procedures for either artificial fertilization or for cryopreservation of grass carp sperm.     

Effect of dietary protein reduction with lysine and methionnine supplementation on growth performance,body composition and total ammonia nitrogen excretion of juvenile grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

A 63‐day growth trial was undertaken to estimate the effects of supplemented lysine and methionine with different dietary protein levels on growth performance and feed utilization in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Six plant‐based practical diets were prepared, and 32CP, 30CP and 28CP diets were formulated to contain 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 crude protein without lysine and methionine supplementation. In the supplementary group, lysine and methionine were added to formulate 32AA, 30AA and 28AA diets with 320 g kg^?1, 300 g kg^?1 and 280 g kg^?1 dietary crude protein, respectively, according to the whole body amino acid composition of Grass Carp. In the groups without lysine and methionine supplementation, weight gain (WG, %) and specific growth rate (SGR, % day^?1) of the fish fed 32CP diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed 30CP and 28CP diets, but no significant differences were found between 30CP‐ and 28CP‐diet treatments. WG and SGR of the fish fed 32AA and 30AA diets were significantly higher than that of fish fed 28AA diets, and the performance of grass carp was also significantly improved when fed diets with lysine and methionine supplementation (P < 0.05), and the interaction between dietary protein level and amino acid supplementation was noted between WG and SGR (P < 0.05). Feed intake (FI) was significantly increased with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05), but feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a significant decreasing trend (P < 0.05). Two days after total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration test, the values of TAN discharged by the fish 8 h after feeding were 207.1, 187.5, 170.6, 157.3, 141.3 and 128.9 mg kg^?1 body weight for fish fed 32CP, 32AA, 30CP, 30AA, 28CP and 28AA diets, respectively. TAN excretion by grass carp was reduced in plant‐based practical diets with the increase in dietary protein level and the supplementation of lysine and methionine (P < 0.05). The results indicated that lysine and methionine supplementation to the plant protein sources‐based practical diets can improve growth performance and feed utilization of grass carp, and the dietary crude protein can be reduced from 320 g kg^?1 to 300 g kg^?1 through balancing amino acids profile. The positive effect was not observed at 280 g kg^?1 crude protein level.     

草鱼–鳙–鲫零换水池塘有机碳、氮、磷收支研究

为研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)–鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)–鲫(Carassius carassius)零换水池塘营养盐收支状况,阐明其零换水机制,以草鱼–鳙–鲫零换水池塘为实验组,以草鱼–鳙–鲫常规换水池塘为对照组,开展了为期2年的池塘有机碳(TOC)、氮(N)、磷(P)收支的研究。结果显示,2组池塘TOC、N、P的主要来源均为饲料投入,分别为77.06%和81.00%,92.08%和92.77%,94.18%和95.63%;TOC、N、P的主要输出途径均为底泥积累,分别占输入营养盐的43.32%和22.10%,61.40%和52.82%,78.71%和79.58%。2组池塘养殖鱼类收获分别占输入碳(C)、N、P的10.08%和13.05%,21.00%和25.57%,15.41%和18.60%。零换水池塘的C、N、P水体积累量和积累率均显著低于常规池塘(P<0.05),其积累率分别降低92.91%、88.52%和87.12%。零换水池塘的N、P底泥积累量显著高于常规池塘,但C、N底泥积累率显著低于常规池塘(P<0.05),分别降低了48.99%和13.97%。零换水池塘养殖鱼类的C、N、P利用率均显著高于常规池塘(P<0.05),分别提高了29.49%、21.72%和20.65%。研究表明,零换水模式能降低营养盐积累,有效提高系统物质利用率,是一种绿色高效养殖模式,具有较好的推广价值。     

Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), fed hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels

Growth, reproductive performance, muscle and egg composition were investigated in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennnes), fed hydrilla or formulated diets with varying protein levels. Five experimental diets, with varying levels (20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40%) of crude protein (CP), were used. One of the fish groups was fed hydrilla. Fish (44.1±0.3 cm; 913±9 g) were stocked (20 tank^?1) in outdoor concrete tanks (20 × 10 × 1.5 m) in duplicate, and fed to satiation, twice daily, at 09:00 and 17:00 hours for the experimental duration of 360 days. High (P<0.05) weight gain was recorded in fish fed 30% and 35% CP diets. However, values for gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg diameter, relative fecundity (eggs kg^?1 body weight), fertilizability and hatchability (%) were comparable (P>0.05) in fish at ≥25% of dietary protein intake. Hydrilla‐fed fish exhibited lower (P<0.05) values for the measured parameters. Crude protein content in muscle increased with dietary protein level. Highest (P<0.05) muscle protein was obtained in fish fed 35% CP diet. Muscle fat was comparable (P>0.05) among fish receiving formulated diets. Ash content was not significantly (P>0.05) different among fish of different dietary groups. Moisture content in fish fed formulated diets, with the exception of 20% CP diet, did not vary significantly (P>0.05). Eggs of fish fed formulated diets contained higher CP and fat contents than those of hydrilla‐fed fish. High (P<0.05) moisture content was noted in the eggs of hydrilla‐fed fish. Ctenopharyngodon idella fed formulated diet, with a minimum of 25% CP, showed better reproductive performance than those fed hydrilla.     

健康草鱼肠道气单胞菌季节变化及胞外酶调查

暴发性鱼病流行季节及非发病季节的健康草鱼肠道气单胞菌的分布调查表明,两季中气单胞菌占总菌数的比例变化不大,只是冬季前肠道的气单胞菌比例明显增高,应视为草鱼肠道的正常寄生菌落。部分胞外酶中发现了较多产木聚糖酶的气单胞菌。     

草鱼鳃组织蛋白双向电泳技术的建立及优化

为建立并优化草鱼鳃蛋白质组双向电泳的技术体系,实验将草鱼鳃经裂解处理后,通过固相p H梯度胶条进行一向等电聚焦和SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直电泳进行蛋白分离,对不同的裂解液配方、蛋白纯化方法、IPG胶条的分离范围、上样量和染色方法等进行了探索和优化,并应用lmage Master 2D Platinum 7.0软件对电泳图谱进行了分析。结果表明:采用裂解液中添加DTT来取代Tris和TBP、选择分离范围为pH4-7的IPG胶条和150μg的主动水化上样,电泳结束后对凝胶进行硝酸银染色,获得了覆盖范围广、低背景、高分辨率、适合差异蛋白分析的双向电泳参考图谱。