Modeling gully initiation by two codeless nonlinear methods:A case study in a small watershed on the Tibetan Plateau

Land and soil resources are scarce in the Tibetan Plateau,and the region is facing ecological pressure from climate warming and increasing human activities.As a major ecological problem,gully erosion is destroying land and soil resources on the Tibetan Plateau,but related research is limited,and suscep-tibility areas and influencing factors are unclear.Machine learning methods are often applied to study gully initiation susceptibility,but they require a programming foundation.Therefore,the Redui water-shed on the southern Tibetan Plateau with severe gully erosion was selected to evaluate the susceptibility and influencing factors of gully initiation through 12 influencing factors including topography,human activity,and underlying surface conditions,and all 2310 gully headcut sites.Two non-code nonlinear modeling methods,the categorical Regression(CATREG)and geographical detector(Geodetector)methods,were first used in the spatial modeling of gully initiation susceptibility.The results showed that the gully initiation susceptibility of the hillslope around the alluvial fan was highest.The very high susceptibility areas of the CATREG model and Geodetector model account for 18.2％and 16％of the total,respectively.The main influencing factors of gully initiation were elevation,relief,and soil type recog-nized by CATREG,and elevation,human footprint,and soil type recognized by Geodetector.Elevation is the primary factor controlling downstream susceptibility in both models.The primary factors in the upper and middle reaches are soil type and relief identified by CATREG.Human footprint,soil type,and distance to road are primary factors in the upper and middle reaches identified by Geodetector.The explanatory power of elevation,elevation-relief interaction,Geodetector model and CATREG model were 39％,54％,46.4％and 73.8％,respectively,at extremely significant levels(P＜0.001),which means that the influencing factors were well considered and that the methods have great application potential in the future.     

离心式玉米破碎敏感性测试仪设计和性能测试

设计了离心式玉米破碎敏感性测试仪,选择了操作参数,并进行了性能试验。结果显示,离心式破碎敏感性测试仪与Ｗｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ破碎测试仪性能相似,比Ｓｔｅｉｎ破碎测试仪性能可靠。对不同湿度的玉米具有较高的敏感性,对不同品种和不同处理条件下的玉米适应性强,变异系数小,再现性好,可迅速和准确测定玉米破碎敏感性     

Susceptibility of citrus species to Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of the Alternaria brown spot

Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of Alternaria brown spot (ABS), causes necrosis on leaves, twigs, and fruit, reducing the productivity and quality of fruits. Tangerines and their hybrids are highly susceptible to the disease. Species, hybrids, and cultivars of Citrus from the germplasm bank of the Estação Experimental de Citricultura de Bebedouro, São Paulo, Brazil, were evaluated in 2004 and 2005 with respect to their resistance to A. alternata, both through natural infection and by inoculation. Detached leaves were also used to demonstrate susceptibility or resistance to the disease. Ten cultivars of Satsumas (Citrus unshiu), and 14 cultivars of Clementine mandarin (C. clementina) did not show any symptoms of the disease in their leaves, either through natural infection or when inoculated in the field. The Burguess SRA-412, Wallent SRA-438, Carvalhais, Ampefy SRA-459, Ananas SRA, and Macaque SRA-426 mandarin hybrids (C. reticulata) did not show symptoms of the disease under natural or artificial infection in the field. Some cultivars of C. deliciosa, C. tangerina, C. erythrosa, and C. temple showed symptoms of the disease, even though no previous record of their susceptibility to Alternaria brown spot had been previously reported. The hybrids Fairchild, Nova, Page, Fortune, and Sunburst were susceptible to the disease. However, Fremont mandarin (a crossing between C. clementina and C. reticulata), Encore (C. nobilis × C. deliciosa), and Fallglo (C. reticulata × C. paradisi) did not show symptoms in field, and few symptoms were verified in detached leaves. These materials are promising for the cultivation of tangerines, and will enable genetic improvement for the development of cultivars resistant to Alternaria brown spot.     

Antioxidant,ethylene and membrane leakage responses to powdery mildew infection of near-isogenic barley lines with various types of resistance

Leaves of powdery mildew-susceptible barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Ingrid) and related near-isogenic lines bearing various resistance genes (Mla12, Mlg or mlo5) were inoculated with Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race A6. Fungal attack induced several-fold increases in ethylene emission and electrolyte leakage in leaves of susceptible Ingrid beginning 3 days after inoculation. Activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzymes were induced markedly in susceptible leaves 5–7 days after inoculation. Similar, but less pronounced pathogen-induced changes were detected in inoculated leaves of Mla-type resistant plants that show hypersensitive cell death upon inoculation, and, to an even lesser extent, in the Mlg and mlo lines, where no visible symptoms accompanied the incompatible interaction. Glutathione content increased only in susceptible barley 7 days after inoculation. Catalase activity, total ascorbate content and redox state were not influenced by inoculation in any of the genotypes. The activity of dehydroascorbate reductase was significantly reduced 3–5 days after inoculation in the susceptible parental plants and after 5 days in Mla and Mlg lines, while it was stable in the mlo barley. Slightly elevated levels of H₂O₂ were observed in the inoculated resistant plants. In contrast, H₂O₂ content decreased in the susceptible line 7 days after pathogen attack. These data indicate that high levels of antioxidants are involved in the compatible interaction of susceptible barley and powdery mildew by protecting the pathogen from oxidative damage.     

Possible connection between imidacloprid-induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvatalugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

The chemical pesticide, imidacloprid (IMI) has long-lasting effectiveness against Hemiptera. IMI is commonly used to control the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Some chemical pesticides, however, can induce the susceptibility of rice to BPH, which has indirectly led to the resurgence of BPH. The mechanism of the chemical induction of the susceptibility of rice to BPH was not previously understood. Here, a 44 K Agilent Rice Expression Microarray was used to identify changes in gene expression that accompany IMI-induced rice susceptibility to BPH. The results showed that 225 genes were differentially expressed, of which 117 were upregulated, and 108 were downregulated. Gene ontology annotation and pathway analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes were mainly classified into the eight functional groups: oxidation reduction, regulation of cellular process, response to stress, electron carrier activity, metabolic process, transport, signal transducer, and organismal development. The genes encoding plant lipid transfer protein, lignin peroxidase, and flavonol-3-O-methyltransferenase may be important responses to the IMI-induced susceptibility of rice to BPH. The reliability of the microarray data was verified by performing quantitative real-time PCR and the data provide valuable information for further study of the molecular mechanism of IMI-induced susceptibility of rice.     

基于模糊评判法的长安区滑坡崩塌灾害易发性分区评价

在对长安区滑坡崩塌地质灾害发育现状及形成条件分析的基础上,结合地质灾害易发性分区评价方法,采用模糊综合评判法对长安区滑坡崩塌地质灾害进行了易发性区划评价。结果表明,长安区滑坡崩塌易发性分区分为6个高易发区域、3个中易发区、1个低易发区(C)和1个不易发区(D),高易发区总面积为190.94 km2,中易发区为382.93 km2,低易发区为299.21 km2,不易发区为707.56km2。