活性炭吸附痕量银的研究

在静态、动态吸附条件下，分别选用果壳类净水用活性炭和煤质净水用活性炭对胶片工业废水中的痕量银的吸附行为进行了研究．结果表明，废水中的银浓度可降至＜５０ｐｐｂ，活性炭对银的吸附量达到３～５ｍｇ／ｇ．微孔发达的活性炭更适于吸附废水中的痕量银．随着银液浓度的升高，银液量增大，活性炭吸附能力增加．银液的最佳吸附ｐＨ值是５．     

南瓜银叶突变体48a的表型特征及其遗传学分析

南瓜银叶突变体48a是在嫩食型中国南瓜中分离筛选到的稳定遗传自交系,银色叶不仅可以作为标记性状应用到育种中,还可为南瓜抗虫、抗病、耐寒等一系列研究提供重要的材料基础。笔者对银叶突变体的表型特征及叶片的解剖结构进行鉴定分析,发现植株整体长势、熟性与野生型无明显差异;成熟叶片正面全部呈银灰色,叶绿素含量明显降低,叶片上表皮细胞与栅栏细胞间明显剥离,存在明显的空隙。利用突变体48a和野生型49a南瓜自交系构建的六世代遗传群体,调查发现F2的绿叶与银叶符合3∶1的分离比,回交群体BC1P1分离比符合1∶1,表明南瓜银色叶性状由单隐性基因控制。     

卡拉胶和超高压对鱼糜凝胶性质的影响

以白鲢鱼糜为研究对象,将卡拉胶添加其中,经超高压处理后,再经二段加热处理形成鱼糜凝胶,测定其凝胶强度、白度值、pH值,研究压力、保压时间和卡拉胶质量分数对白鲢鱼糜凝胶性质的影响.单因素实验表明,当压力大于300 MPa时凝胶强度显著下降;保压时间大于10 min,卡拉胶质量分数大于0.8％时凝胶强度变化不显著.通过正交实验确定了优化工艺条件为:压力300 MPa、保压时间10 min、卡拉胶质量分数0.8％.各因素对白鲢鱼糜凝胶强度影响程度由大至小依次为压力、保压时间、卡拉胶质量分数.研究结果表明,超高压处理协同添加卡拉胶能够促进白鲢鱼糜形成良好的凝胶.     

白鲢鱼糜低钠复合盐配方响应面法优化

为降低白鲢鱼糜制品中的钠盐含量,在斩拌过程中添加氯化钠、氯化钾和氯化钙3种盐类,以凝胶强度、持水性和白度为评价指标,研究三者对鱼糜凝胶特性的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Benhnken试验设计和响应面分析法得到低钠盐优化配方.结果表明,白鲢鱼糜低钠盐的最优配方为:氯化钠质量分数1.0％、氯化钾质量分数1.0％、氯化钙质量分数0.5％,其中钠盐添加量的质量分数降低至1.0％,且复合盐总添加量的质量分数仅为2.5％.此条件下,白鲢鱼糜凝胶强度达到196.50 g·cm,持水性为76.37％,白度为75.44.     

银与光所产生的协同效应的微生物灭活现象观察

研究发现在使用紫外线(UV-A,395nm)进行照射时,银溶液对微生物的灭活作用得到增强,特别是对真核微生物的灭活作用得到显著增强。为解明这种银与光所产生的协同效应的微生物灭活机理,使用电子自旋共振仪(Electron Spin Resonance,ESR)对溶液进行检测,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及测定线粒体酶活性等方法,推测出了其作用机理,即在光照下氧化银(Ag2O)被激活并与水分子发生反应产生羟基自由基(.OH)。羟基自由基破坏真核微生物的细胞壁,失活其细胞内线粒体酶活性,从而引起真核微生物细胞死灭。     

芹菜鲢鱼蛋白复合饮料的工艺研究

[目的]确定芹菜鲢鱼蛋白复合饮料的最佳复配条件。[方法]通过采用中性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶混合酶解鲢鱼蛋白,制取鲢鱼蛋白水解液,再经过脱腥、脱色、浓缩后,与芹菜汁复配成具有降血压、降血脂等功能的保健型复合饮料,研究鲢鱼蛋白水解液添加量、芹菜汁添加量、糖添加量、柠檬酸添加量对饮料感官性状的影响,通过正交试验确定该饮料的最佳复配条件。[结果]由正交试验获得饮料的最佳复配条件为：每100 ml饮料中鲢鱼蛋白水解浓缩液添加量20 ml,芹菜汁添加量12 ml,白砂糖添加量7 g,柠檬酸添加量0.20 g。此时,该饮料色泽成浅绿色,半透明,风味口感最好,组织状态均一稳定,无悬浮物或沉淀。[结论]该研究为鱼肉蛋白的深加工与利用提供了科学依据。     

兴国红鲤诱导普安银鲫异精雌核发育子代研究

用兴国红鲤原种(父本)作异源精核诱导营天然雌核发育的普安银鲫A型(母本),异精雌核发育普安银鲫子代,投放2.3 g/尾的鱼种,经105 d饲养。结果:出池规格达69.5 g/尾,日增重0.64 g/尾,比普通鲫提高0.27 g/尾;群体增重倍数24.3倍,较对照池提高11.62倍;成活率85.04%,比对照组提高6.54个百分点。异精雌核发育子代在生长速度和抗病性方面较土著鲫显示出显著的养殖效果。     

金花茶松散型愈伤组织诱导与悬浮细胞系建立

采用组织培养及显微观察技术,以金花茶植株茎段、叶片、花药及离体培养的金花茶体细胞胚为试验材料,对松散型愈伤组织的获得及悬浮细胞系的建立进行了研究。结果表明:在黑暗条件下,以金花茶体细胞胚切块为外植体,在MS+KT 0.5 mg/L+NAA 8.0 mg/L+硝酸银5mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L培养基上诱导出愈伤组织后,将其转接到该诱导培养基上连续培养3个月,最后从培养物中挑选状态良好的松散型愈伤组织在分别含有肌醇与硝酸银的2种培养基上交替培养,可以获得金花茶松散型愈伤组织;方差分析表明:蔗糖添加量、肌醇添加量及硝酸银添加量均对金花茶悬浮培养液细胞密度有显著影响且后两者分别与光照条件存在相互作用;将松散型愈伤组织在分别添加100 mg/L肌醇与2.5 mg/L硝酸银的液体增殖培养基上交替培养,可以建立并保持金花茶悬浮细胞系。该研究结果可为金花茶大规模细胞培养提供科学依据。     

Stand structure of an uneven-aged fir–beech forest with an irregular diameter structure: modeling the development of the Belevine forest, Croatia

This study focuses on the problem of irregular diameter structure in a silver fir–beech selection (plenter) forest with a “surplus” of large diameter trees and a lack of natural regeneration and small diameter trees. We sampled 274 plots (900 m² each) in the Belevine research site (266.24 ha) in the mountain region Gorski Kotar (Croatia), where diameter (dbh) distribution, diameter increment, and natural regeneration were analyzed in detail. A low density of natural regeneration, weak annual recruitment of small (10 cm dbh) diameter trees (only five trees per hectare), delayed diameter growth of trees, and a low annual rate of trees reaching the next dbh class were attributed to the current irregular dbh structure. The stand development prediction for the next 50 years is based on a simulation model, which considers the current diameter structure, increment, recruitment, and future cutting regime. Intensive cutting in the first of five 10-year cutting cycles (intensity higher of 25%) is needed to initiate natural regeneration and to accelerate growth of young silver fir trees. In the next 50 years, the irregular diameter structure will be gradually improved.     

Variations in soil chemical properties and microbial biomass in artificial gaps in silver fir stands

Changes in soil chemical and microbiological parameters in small (185 m²) and medium (410 m²) gaps, created in mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill) stands (mean height 30 m) in the Calabrian Apennines (Southern Italy), were studied over 2 years. Medium gaps had high soil temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance and low soil moisture. Within small gaps we detected a greater amount of organic matter, with respect to under canopy cover sites and medium gaps. Moreover, a different trend of the organic matter between small and medium gaps was observed. In the medium gaps, with respect to under canopy cover sites and small gaps, we found a relatively low content of organic matter, associated to a lower amount of humic acid, which suggested that the organic substrate undergoes a mineralization rather than a humification process. An opposite trend was observed in small gaps, where the increase of organic matter content, associated to an increase of humic acid and microbial biomass, suggested a better humification process. Moreover, in small gaps the highest level of urease and the greatest fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis were observed. The different trend of organic matter observed in small and medium gaps may be related to changes in the environmental conditions. PAR transmittance, significantly higher in medium gaps, contributed to increase soil temperature and decrease soil moisture, affecting soil microbial populations and organic matter trend. These results suggest that the creation of small gaps represents the silvicultural practice with minor environmental impact.