Temperature modeling of a land-based aquaculture system for the production of Gracilaria pacifica: Possible system modifications to conserve heat and extend the growing season

Temperature control is a major cost for numerous aquaculture systems. Solar thermal engineering techniques can be used to identify inexpensive methods for conserving and capturing heat. Gracilaria pacifica, also known as the culinary ingredient ogo, is currently grown in land-based tanks at a site in Goleta, CA where influent sea water temperatures infrequently reach the 21–28 °C range that provides for optimal growth. The major objective of this study was to explore various designs of a G. pacifica tank culture system that maintain optimal water temperature year round to maximize growth. A model was constructed and calibrated by comparing results to a one-third scale pilot system operated in Davis, CA. For model calibration the most sensitive parameter such as cover optical properties were adjusted first and less sensitive parameters were adjusted later. The pilot system consisted of six tanks, three insulated with foam and a clear polyethylene cover (experimental), and three uninsulated and uncovered (controls). The model had weather data inputs including air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. The model was then compared to a full-scale system operated in Santa Barbara during the winter. The experimental pilot system was 4.93 °C warmer than the control pilot system under optimal weather conditions. The full-scale experimental system was 2.80 °C warmer than the control system under non-ideal conditions. The model demonstrated predictive accuracy under most weather conditions. Furthermore the model is robust enough to accept estimated values for many inputs and still produce accurate results, this suggests a simpler model may be feasible. A polyethylene cover and insulation are not sufficient in general for raising the water temperature to the optimum range during the winter; they may be during other times of the year when more solar energy is available, thereby extending the growing season.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定海藻肥中的甘露醇和甜菜碱

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时检测海藻肥中甘露醇和甜菜碱的新方法。使用Waters BEH C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈和5 mM乙酸铵溶液,流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温为35 ℃。采用正负离子同时扫描的方式测定,甘露醇和甜菜碱m/z为89和59.2;母离子的m/z分别为181和118,结果以外标法进行计算。结果表明,甘露醇和甜菜碱在本方法中的线性范围分别为5-50 和0.05-0.5 mg/L,当S/N为3时检出限分别为0.18和0.083 mg/L。两种物质分别在3个水平进行加标回收实验,甜菜碱的平均加标回收率在80.3-109.44%之间;甘露醇的平均加标回收率在85.52-106.55%之间,满足实际应用需求。     

海藻冲施肥对韭菜产量·品质的影响

[目的]为海藻冲施肥在蔬菜生产中的推广应用提供依据。[方法]以韭菜品种"独根红"为试验材料,通过使用不同浓度的海藻冲施肥,研究海藻冲施肥对韭菜产量、生长情况及其品质的影响。[结果]海藻冲施肥能促进韭菜的植株营养体生长发育,叶绿素、可溶性糖类等品质指标的含量有所提高,产量和品质显著提升。[结论]海藻冲施肥宜在韭菜生产中推广应用。     

Comparison of Spore Inoculated and Vegetative Propagated Cultivation Methods of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gracilaria chilensis</Emphasis> in an Integrated Seaweed and Fish Cage Culture

In Chile the integration of Gracilaria chilensis with salmon culture has shown high potential. Seaweed integrated aquaculture is of great interest as it allows waste recycling within fed cage aquaculture. The development of economically feasible suspended methods of seaweed cultivation is therefore of high importance. Hence, production and performance of two suspended Gracilaria cultivation methods, spore inoculated ropes and ropes with twined field collected seaweed, were studied in open water. The production from spore-seeded ropes was comparable to that of twined ropes for the first month of culture. Thereafter, the twined ropes had a significantly higher productivity. Fish farm wastes had no significant fertilizing effect upon Gracilaria growth rate. In addition, spore-originated thalli and field collected thalli were compared under laboratory conditions and in suspended culture using the same cultivation method. Spore-originated thalli had a 50% lower growth rate than the field collected thalli under laboratory conditions; however, no significant differences were detected in the field. Also, the occurrence of spore coalescence growth enhancement was not significant on the spore-seeded ropes. It was concluded that spore-originated cultivation techniques could be of interest for an integrated open seawater aquaculture system due to the high levels of Gracilaria polymorphism. This would result in greater adaptability to environmental variations, and a continuous supply of restocking material.     

Some Aspects of the Growth of Gracilaria birdiae (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) in an Estuary in Northeast Brazil

The agarophyte Gracilaria birdiae Plastino & Oliveira was cultivated under field conditions in an estuary over a 6-month period. Biomass production varied significantly (p<0.01) and ranged from 900.0 to 3537.0 g m⁻² with a mean of 2124.4±1004.36 g m⁻² over the cultivation period. The epiphyte-biomass varied from 64.7 to 313 g m⁻², with maximum values observed in July. Relative growth rate (RGR) of G. birdiae varying from −0.59 to 4.67% day⁻¹, with a maximum mean observed in July. Correlation analysis showed that RGR was positively correlated with epiphyte-biomass (R-Pearson=0.69; p< 0.01) and negatively correlated with salinity (R-Pearson=−0.41; p<0.05). These correlations were used in a mathematical regression model to estimate the growth of Gracilaria in an estuary. The regression model explained 61% of RGR variability demonstrating that growth rates of Gracilaria were directly related to the variables salinity and epiphytes. The model was developed to help to predict production at a cultivation site in order to evaluate its suitability for Gracilaria cultivation.     

Breaking seasonal limitation: year-round sporogenesis in the brown alga Laminaria saccharina by blocking the transport of putative sporulation inhibitors

Year-round induction of sporogenesis of Laminaria saccharina was performed by mechanically blocking the transport of the putative sporulation inhibitors produced by the blade meristem and culturing the plants in constant short days. Sporogenesis was successfully induced by removal of the blade meristem, either by cultivating distal blade fragments or by performing a transverse cut in the frond. The earliest sorus formation after artificial induction was 10 days. The age of the sporophytes used for induction was 6–11 months or 2 years in tank-grown or field-collected sporophytes, respectively. Zoospores were successfully released in all cases. Thus, by year-round artificial induction of sporogenesis, (1) sporeling production of L. saccharina and thereafter sporophyte cultivation could be achieved without seasonal limitation, and (2) the life cycle of L. saccharina (from spore to spore) could be completed within 8 months under controlled conditions.     

枸杞岛海藻场夏、秋季的渔业资源变化

基于2005年夏、秋两季对枸杞岛海藻场渔业资源的调查数据,对海藻场内外渔业资源的组成、优势种变化、主要资源种类生物学特征以及多样性和相似性进行了研究。结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场内的渔业生物组成的季节变化比藻场外明显,但岩礁性鱼类除外;藻场内优势种夏季多于秋季,而藻场外两季相同,褐菖鲉在夏、秋季的藻场内皆为优势种;各种类生物学特征也存在着明显的季节差异,夏季的性比差别大,秋季接近平衡,平均年龄秋季大于夏季,平均摄食强度夏季高于秋季;多样性值在夏、秋两季海藻场外皆大于海藻场内。藻场内外,夏季的多样性指数都大于秋季;同一季节藻场内外的相似性很低,不同季节,藻场内的相似性同样很低。通过现场调查及生物学实验,夏季海藻场作为幼小鱼类的索饵场所的生态功能得到了确认。     

海藻提取物对番茄抗旱性的影响及机理研究

用不同浓度的海藻提取物处理番茄苗的结果表明,各处理浓度均可以提高番茄的抗旱隶属函数值,其中以2.0 g/L的海藻提取物效果最明显。海藻提取物提高番茄抗旱性的机理为:海藻提取物提高了可溶性糖含量和SOD酶活性,使叶肉细胞的粘滞性增强并降低了自由基对细胞膜的伤害,从而提高番茄的抗旱性;施用海藻提取物后,提高了番茄叶片可溶性糖含量的基数,随着水分胁迫的加剧,番茄叶片可溶性糖含量在该基数的基础上变化,并且其值始终高于对照;番茄叶片施用海藻提取物后,番茄的中部叶片的敏感性较其他部位叶片强,但不同部位的叶片对提高番茄单株干重和抗旱系数具有同等的效应;在土壤含水量为10.6%的水分胁迫下,用2.0 g/L的海藻提取物处理日光温室番茄植株,可使番茄最大节水率达到22.6%。     

不同海域海带多糖含量的比较性研究

目的研究不同海域海带多糖的含量差异。方法利用蒽酮—硫酸法对不同海域海带中海带多糖进行测定。结果经过测定,三大海域中,东海海域的海带中海带多糖的含量较高,达到10．37％。渤海及黄海海域含量相对较低,分别为8．54％和9．13％。结论通过对比可得出,由于受到地理环境、气候条件及洋流的影响,对海带中多糖含量具有明显的差异。