贺兰山东坡直翅目昆虫群落的边缘效应(英文)

[目的]探讨边缘效应对贺兰山东坡直翅目昆虫群落的影响。[方法]样带法采集取样,采捕过程中针对采捕的不同种类及生境中的具体情况,采用网捕法、徒手捕捉、诱捕法等。采集时将昆虫标本毒死后带回实验室,制作针插标本,根据相关文献专著鉴定并记录直翅目昆虫的种类和数量。并通过物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势度指数、群落相似性指标和多度值对调查数据进行了分析。[结果]斑翅蝗科、斑腿蝗科和癞蝗科个体数量分别占总数的42.65%、29.15%和12.76%,构成研究区域直翅目昆虫的优势类群。直翅目昆虫数量沿疏林草地、边缘和荒漠草地依次增加,边缘多样性高于疏林草地和荒漠草地内部,且边缘与疏林草地差异显著;无论是疏林草地还是荒漠草地,直翅目昆虫群落多样性都是随着距边缘距离的增加而降低。在疏林草地-荒漠草地过渡带出现了栖息地广布种、利用边缘的栖息地广布种、利用边缘的栖息地特异种和逃避边缘的栖息地特异种4种边缘反应类型。[结论]该研究可为直翅目昆虫生物多样性的保护和开发利用及保护生物学的发展提供数据和理论基础。     

Multi-scale factors affecting bird use of isolated remnant oak trees in agro-ecosystems

With recent emphasis on sustainable agriculture, conservation of native biota within agricultural systems has become a priority. Remnant trees have been hypothesized to increase biological diversity in agro-ecosystems. We investigated how remnant Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) trees contribute to conserving bird diversity in the agro-ecosystem of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. We compared bird use of isolated oak trees in three landscape contexts - croplands, pastures, and oak savanna reserves - and ranked the relative importance of four factors thought to influence bird use of individual trees: (i) tree architecture; (ii) tree isolation; (iii) tree cover in the surrounding landscape; and (iv) landscape context, defined as the surrounding land use. We evaluated species-specific responses and four community-level responses: (i) total species richness; (ii) richness of oak savanna-associates; (iii) tree forager richness; and (iv) aerial and ground forager richness. We documented 47 species using remnant oaks, including 16 species typically occurring in oak savanna. Surprisingly, landscape context was unimportant in predicting frequency of use of individual trees. Tree architecture, in particular tree size, and tree cover in the surrounding landscape were the best predictors of bird use of remnant trees. Our findings demonstrate that individual remnant trees contribute to landscape-level conservation of bird diversity, acting as keystone habitat structures by providing critical resources for species that could not persist in otherwise treeless agricultural fields. Because remnant trees are rarely retained in contemporary agricultural landscapes in the United States, retention of existing trees and recruitment of replacement trees will contribute to regional conservation goals.     

零散可采森林资源生产工艺的改革实践

可采森林资源日趋零散,旧的生产工艺已远远适应不了经济发展的需要,工艺改革势在必行。本文分析了旧生产工艺的种种弊端,提出了“移动式机库存车,移动式宿营车住宿,随车液压吊装原条”的新生产工艺模式,并着重介绍了按这一模式进行实践的效果,证明了新工艺具有一定的先进性和可操作性。     

黑龙江省森工林区散生木保护与经营管理

阐述了散生木的定义、构成、来源及在林业采伐生产中对散生木保护与经营管理的重要意义。     

基于非均匀细分的散乱点云数据精简算

针对海量散乱点云数据精简问题,提出了基于非均匀细分的精简算法.采用八叉树结构对点云数据进行空间分割,由分割结果建立k邻域.对k邻域内的散乱点进行二次曲面拟合,以拟合曲面的平均曲率为判据决定是否对八叉树空间实行非均匀细分,细分过程中由数据点之间的最大间隔角决定细分程度.构造曲率差函数,识别出边界数据点,对其进行数据保护.该算法对具有曲率多样化特点的点云数据的精简具有实用性,通过实验验证了该算法的可靠性和准确性.     

后屋面入射光对单屋面温室光温性能和蔬菜生长的影响——Ⅱ.散射光对单屋面温室黄瓜生长的影响

后屋面散射光(包括一部分直射光)对黄瓜生长有很大的影响.与对照相比,处理平均单株叶面积增加8.07%,叶面积系数增加7.81%,叶绿素a+b增加15.54%;定植后70天株高、茎粗和展开叶片数与对照差异极显著;定植后两个月的根、茎、叶干重分别增加36.89%、46.37%和50.00%,产量提高21.16%.     

The extent and pattern of Eucalyptus regeneration in an agricultural landscape

The process of natural regeneration is critical for sustaining remnant native vegetation and the ecosystem services it supports. We quantified the extent and pattern of Eucalyptus regeneration within remnant vegetation in a fragmented agricultural landscape in south-eastern Australia. Eucalyptus regeneration was absent at 42% of sites. Using an information-theoretic approach, we explored 13 possible models of Eucalyptus regeneration across multiple scales. The explanatory variables in the four models with empirical support (and their summed Akaike weights) were: grazing intensity (1.0), native ground cover (0.99), remnant area (0.83), tenure (0.67), canopy cover (0.21) and vegetation type (0.11). Averaging across these four models we predicted that the probability of Eucalyptus regeneration was highest (0.95) in relatively unmodified remnant native vegetation, that is, remnant vegetation on public land where grazing was light and the understorey was dominated by native plants. In contrast, the predicted probability of Eucalyptus regeneration was lowest (0.12) in small remnants on private land where grazing was heavy. Our results suggest that a large proportion of all remnant native vegetation in this landscape will disappear under existing land management and farming practices. Reducing grazing pressure within intensively grazed remnants appears to be the single most effective management intervention that will mitigate this threat. This will require a shift in conservation priorities away from large, intact remnants where regeneration does not appear to be affected, to poorer quality remnants—often small remnants or scattered trees—where regeneration is typically absent.     

A population genetic study in a scattered forest species, wild service tree [Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz], using RAPD markers

Wild service tree [Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz] is a forest tree widespread in Europe, characterized by a scattered distribution. Its hermaphroditic flowers are pollinated by insects, and outcrossing is the prominent mating system, also due to the presence of gametophytic self-incompatibility. Genetic diversity and differentiation of 22 populations from northwestern Italy were investigated by means of variation scored at 53 polymorphic RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) loci. Populations differed in genetic variation, with Shannon diversity index ranging from 0.166 to 0.469. According to Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), most of the genetic variation was found within populations (61.78%) with a significant proportion of variance attributable to genetic differences between regions (23.60%) and between populations (14.62%). Evidence for isolation by distance was found in the set of populations sampled. The effect of habitat fragmentation on genetic variation was also evaluated. The efficacy of RAPD markers in analysing genetic variation, and the contribution of the results in terms of the preservation of biodiversity are discussed.     

渔业声学数据后处理中积分阈的选择与优化Ⅰ:目标离散分布状态下积分阈的确定

积分阈是渔业声学数据后处理中对回声信号进行积分的临界值,是参与积分的最弱回声信号的体积反向散射强度.通过合理设置积分阈,能在保留目标信号的同时有效地消除噪音和非目标回声信号,从而提高渔业资源声学评估的准确性.为研究目标离散分布状态下选择和优化积分阈的方法,推导了单体目标体积反向散射强度与目标强度之间的函数关系,提出了利...     

园林散置石形式研究

散置石是中国传统园林置石中非常重要的一类。本文结合中国传统绘画和传统园林,对散置石的布局原则、置石方式进行深入的研究与分析,并以此指导园林规划和设计。