稚鱼生物饵料的DHA营养强化

综述了国内外海水稚鱼生物饵的ＤＨＡ营养强化技术研究及其应用状况，轮虫、卤虫的营养强化方法和注意事项。     

Rotifer community structure in fish‐farming systems associated with a Neotropical semiarid reservoir in north‐eastern Brazil

The study was conducted to assess the community structure of planktonic rotifers and their relation to the environmental impact of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linaeus, 1758), aquaculture activities (ponds and net‐tanks), associated with a Neotropical semiarid reservoir in Brazil. Our hypothesis was that the ecological attributes of the rotifer community were different when considering the influence of fish aquaculture activities. We identified 28 species, with 10 species from the Brachionidae family. The average density and diversity index of rotifers were higher in reservoir stations, with mean values in the ponds approximately 50% lower than those of the reservoir. The microphagous species dominated during all the time, while the raptorial species were accidental in all studied environments. The ponds were represented by four significant indicator species: Brachionus caudatus, B. leydigi, Dicranophoroides caudatus and Testudinella patina and the reservoir by three: B. falcatus, B. havanaensis and Conochilus dossuarius. In general, nine species were significantly associated with some categories of environmental conditions, such as high or low turbidity and low values of conductivity and TDS. Four of the five best bioindicator species belonged to the microphagous genus Brachionus. B. havanaensis indicated five environmental conditions (IndVal > 93.1%), and it appeared to be a key species in this Neotropical semiarid reservoir influenced by aquaculture activities. The dominance of microphagous rotifers suggests a functional redundancy of species in the studied environments. We found that these systems and their management affected the planktonic rotifer community in this region of Brazil by increasing the species richness.     

Improved quantification of active soil microfauna by a "counting crew"

 Recently, a comparative study revealed that the predominately used most probable number (MPN) method yields seriously biased estimates for active soil ciliates (Protozoa). The direct counting method, in contrast, gave reliable and reproducible data with a high level of discrimination between the invstigated sites between the investigated sites. However, this method requires that fresh soil samples are used, limiting its versatility. In order to overcome this problem a team ("counting crew") of 13 people was trained to carry out direct counts of soil microfauna simultaneously. The densities of active ciliates, rotifers, nematodes and tardigrades in the litter layer of a spruce stand were assessed by the direct counting technique. It could be shown that there was no significant influence of individual crew members on ciliate, rotifer or nematode numbers. The ciliate abundance did not vary significantly in the bulk sample with time of day. A significant increase in active ciliates was observed when counts took longer than 90 min. Comparing our results to literature data obtained by diverse extraction methods revealed that the direct counting method is very efficient for microscopic soil metazoa as well. If a counting crew is available, more precise and realistic data on active soil microfauna can be obtained. Received: 19 December 1997     

Effect of temperature on resting egg formation of the tropical SS-type rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff

ABSTRACT:   Tropical minute rotifer strains (SS-type) induce mixis at 30–35°C but sexual reproduction and resting egg formation do not proceed well due to rapid environmental change. The present study examined the effect of temperature regulation on rotifer Brachionus rotundiformis (Langkawi strain, SS-type) resting egg formation in small (500 mL in culture volume)- and large-scale (500 L in culture volume) experiments. Rotifers were cultured at 30°C in 15–17 p.p.t. seawater with an initial density of 1 individual (ind.)/mL. After 4 days, when cultures were in exponential growth stage with active mixis induction, the culture temperature of the experimental rotifers was changed to 25°C. Control rotifers were cultured at 30°C throughout the experiment. Fresh or frozen Nannochloropsis oculata and condensed freshwater Chlorella vulgaris were used as the rotifer diets in the small- and large-scale experiments, respectively. Significantly higher resting egg production was observed with the experimental rotifers (30→ 25°C) versus the control rotifers. In the large-scale trial, experimental rotifers produced 2.6 × 10⁶ resting eggs during a 9-day experiment, which was 1.6-fold more than the control rotifers. Moreover, the efficiency of resting egg formation was found to increase by a factor of 1.8. The present study indicates that decreasing culture temperature from 30 to 25°C after active mixis increased resting egg formation in B. rotundiformis (SS-type).     

Low-temperature preservation (at 4 °C) of marine rotifer Brachionus

Mass production of rotifers is essential as live food during the larval rearing season, but a major problem of rotifer culture is unpredictable culture collapse. If mass‐produced rotifers could be kept alive at low temperature for an extended period of time, they could be supplied as live food to cultured marine fish larvae without interruption. Four experiments were performed to test this possibility in six strains of Brachionus plicatilis O. F. Müller and eight strains of Brachionus rotundiformis Tschugunoff. The results showed that: (1) B. rotundiformis strains were less tolerant to 4 °C than B. plicatilis strains. Among the B. rotundiformis strains, the strains known as SS type were the most susceptible and showed the lowest survival. (2) Exchange of culture media during the incubation at 4 °C in B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis resulted in higher survival than not changing the culture media, but there were no differences in the regression slope with or without changing the culture media. (3) Acclimation at 15 °C for 96 h for B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis before transfer to 4 °C resulted in higher survival rates than acclimation at 10 °C. (4) The combination of frequent exchange of culture media and acclimation significantly improved the survival of B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis compared with controls that were maintained at 4 °C without exchange of the culture media. Large‐scale trials using B. plicatilis (Kamiura strain) cultured in 30‐L tanks were conducted in a hatchery at a density of 2000–20 000 individuals mL^?1. Rotifers were transferred directly from 25 °C to 4 °C. About 50% of the rotifers at 20 000 individuals mL^?1 survived after 14 days at 4 °C. These preserved rotifers could be cultured at 20 °C, recovering within 4 days.     

淀山湖轮虫多样性及生物量时空变化

2004年1月至2006年12月逐月对淀山湖轮虫种类组成、生物量和生物密度的时空变化规律及其生物多样性进行了调查研究,并分析了轮虫密度和水温、叶绿素a的关系。经鉴定,共发现轮虫53种（属）,优势轮虫包括针簇多肢轮虫Polyarthra trigla、角突臂尾轮虫Brachionus angularis、萼花臂尾轮虫Brachionus calyciflorus、螺形龟甲轮虫Keratella cochlearis、曲腿龟甲轮虫Keratella valga、晶囊轮虫属Asplanchna spp.、长三肢轮虫Filinia longiseta、椎尾水轮虫Epiphanes senta等,优势种的密度之和分别占当年度轮虫总密度的87.2、82.8和82.8%。3年轮虫平均密度和生物量分别为2514ind/L和2.94mg/L,2005年3月份St6轮虫密度高达11700ind/L。轮虫密度（ind./L）和生物量（mg/L）季节分布一致,均为春季（4862和5.45）>秋季（2300和3.45）>夏季（1773和1.88）>冬季（940和0.45）;在水平分布上,表现为湖心高、进水口和出水口较低、处于网围养殖附近的St3轮虫密度最低的变化趋势。各站点3年平均H为2.27（变幅为2.08-2.50）,Marglef指数D平均为2.3（变幅1.1-3.8）。淀山湖轮虫密度和水体中的叶绿素a含量呈极显著相关,回归方程为：轮虫密度（ind./L）=521.6+64.11Chl.a (µg/L)（r=0.634, P<0.001）。     

Effects of astaxanthin on Brachionus manjavacas (Rotifera) population growth

Astaxanthin is a red secondary carotenoid and powerful antioxidant that is used in aquaculture to enhance colour and improve fish health. Brachionid rotifers are often used as a live feed for larval fish, but do not contain endogenous carotenoids. However, they can be enriched with astaxanthin through their diet and transfer it to larval predators. When supplemented with 2 μg/ml astaxanthin oleoresin extracted from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis, Brachionus manjavacas rotifer cultures reached significantly higher population densities and maintained them for longer. Furthermore, data are presented that exposure to oleoresin or pure astaxanthin enhances rotifer resistance to oxidative stress, a common cause for the collapse of rotifer mass cultures. Astaxanthin can be visualized in the gut of the rotifers, allowing the time course of uptake to be estimated by image analysis. Using this method, it was found that accumulation of astaxanthin in the rotifer gut saturates after 1.5 hr of exposure. The bioactive dose of astaxanthin oleoresin for rotifers was found to be 1–20 μg/ml. Astaxanthin concentration in rotifer tissues was measured using absorbance spectrophotometry. It was found that treating rotifers with 20 μg/ml for 24 hr; the concentration of astaxanthin absorbed into rotifer tissues was 2.6 mg/g. Overall, these experiments indicate that astaxanthin extracted from H. pluvialis can be used to improve the productivity and stability of rotifer mass cultures by increasing oxidative stress resistance and enhance the nutritional content of rotifers for larval fish.     

用电镜对两种轮虫休眠卵卵膜的初步观察

本文叙述了用光学显微镜和电子显微镜对比观察萼花臂尾轮虫、前节晶囊轮虫休眠卵的外表面形态及其卵膜的显微、亚显微结构。表明：此两种轮虫休眠卵均具多层卵膜和气室。作者根据这两种休眠卵表面形态特征和其卵膜、气室结构特点．对它们的生物学意义进行了初步讨论。     

Effects of recreational fishing on zooplankton communities of drainage system reservoirs at an open‐pit mine

The use of artificial water bodies for angling is a popular practice, especially in industrial and urbanised areas where natural water bodies are lost. In this study, the zooplankton structure dynamics and water quality at three strip mine drainage system reservoirs were assessed with different types of recreational fishery exploitation: K1—intensive angling using the catch‐and‐release model, K2—lowest angling pressure and higher share of predatory fishes and K3—moderate fishing, that is limiting groundbait quantities and eliminating non‐predatory fishes by anglers. The null hypothesis tested was that recreational fishing does not affect the biotic and abiotic conditions of reservoirs. The significance of each environmental variable was tested using redundancy analysis (RDA). The highest nutrients and chlorophyll a concentration, turbidity level and organic matter content occurred in K1. Zooplankton diversity was the lowest under these conditions; protozoa and larval stages of copepods dominated. In reservoirs where sustainable fishing was implemented (K2, K3), trophic parameters of water were lower, on average, by 25%, turbidity by 30%, and productivity by 35–70%. Zooplankton diversity was significantly higher; rotifers and small cladocerans dominated. The choice of recreational fishing model determines the functionality and biological potential of the reservoir.     

Growth hormone-like substance in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

ABSTRACT:   A growth hormone (GH)-like substance was extracted from the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and subsequently purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The GH-like substance had a molecular weight of approximately 28 kDa and had cross-reactivity with salmon GH antibody. In vivo bioassay showed a higher intrinsic rate of increase and net reproduction rate of B. plicatilis treated with the GH-like substance.