Optimizing intertidal Pacific oyster (Thunberg) culture, Houhora Harbour, northern New Zealand

Experiments were designed to determine the optimum intertidal rack height and growing density for producing Pacific oysters free of mudworm infestations and flatworm predators in the Houhora Harbour, northern New Zealand. At the same level, oysters grew to a larger size in the front of the farm (seaward) compared with those towards the rear (shoreward). Two experimental ‘step racks’ were constructed to test for the optimum oyster growth rates, oyster condition, shell density and degree of mudworm shell blistering. When experimental results were ranked for each rack level, extreme low water neap (ELWN) was the optimum growing level for the back of the farm, and 0.25 m above ELWN was the optimum growing level for the front of the farm. An efficient kill of flatworm predators was not achieved by any of the control methods tried, so avoidance of infestations is advised. The optimum density of oysters on a 1.2‐m stick required to achieve maximum condition, shell density and ideal shell shape was 4–5 dozen.     

才女虫属复合体的研究进展

才女虫属复合体（Polydora Complex）是典型的底质摄食者,多数种类栖居于潮间带、海湾、河口等近岸水域。其中一些种类是贝类上常见的多毛类寄生虫,能够钻入贝类的壳内营寄生生活,阻碍宿主的生长发育,感染严重时会导致贝类的大量死亡,是严重危害贝类养殖业发展的主要寄生虫类之一。文章从才女虫属复合体的形态分类、分子系统发育、栖居习性、生殖方式、幼体发育等5个方面综述才女虫属复合体的研究现状以及未来趋势。     

合浦珠母贝家系间生长性状和感染多毛类寄生病的比较分析

对合浦珠母贝12个全同胞家系的生长性状和才女虫寄生病的感染情况进行比较分析,结果显示:筛选出的快速生长家系F10、F11、F3和F12与生长最慢的家系F7相比,壳高分别大16.01％、14.93％、10.51％和10.16％,体质量分别重35.72％、28.02％、25.98％和17.61％.筛选出的抗病家系F8、F9、F11和F10,其才女虫寄生病的总感染率与感染最高的家系F3相比,分别降低了48％、34％、27％和23％,表明这4个家系初步提高了合浦珠母贝抗才女虫寄生病的能力.筛选出的快速生长家系和抗病家系可作为选育的核心育种家系,为培育生长速度快和抗才女虫寄生病的合浦珠母贝新品系奠定良好的基础.     

陵水才女虫与威氏才女虫的比较和地理分布研究

采用形态学与分子生物学方法相结合,对陵水才女虫(Polydora lingshuiensis)和威氏才女虫(P.websteri)进行了比较与鉴定研究,并调查了它们的地理分布。在形态上,陵水才女虫的脑后脊上具中触角、粗足刺刚毛近末端具凹陷;而威氏才女虫无中触角、粗足刺刚毛具侧凸缘。遗传距离分析结果显示,基于核糖体18S基因、线粒体COⅠ基因、线粒体Cyt b基因的陵水才女虫和威氏才女虫的种间遗传距离明显大于其种内遗传距离。基于COⅠ、Cyt b的才女虫的种间种内遗传距离比率远大于基于18S的遗传距离比率。才女虫的COⅠ与Cyt b基因的条形码间隔比18S的更宽,分辨率更高,更适用于形态相似种的辅助鉴定。在中国海域,陵水才女虫和威氏才女虫均属于宿主特异性低、地理分布性广的才女虫种类,其传播途径可能与其宿主的养殖方式以及商业运输密切相关。     

Molecular identification of polydorid polychaetes (Annelida: Spionidae): is there a quick way to identify pest and alien species?

The early detection and correct identification of polydorid polychaete species is essential as they are often encountered as invasive alien pests in aquaculture facilities or the intertidal where they may modify the ecosystem. Accurate identification is, however, often hampered by high levels of morphological similarity among species. This taxon will therefore benefit from the development of a library of sequences, such as COI barcodes, to aid identification. However, the universal primers for the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) DNA barcoding marker has failed to consistently amplify this gene for polydorids, greatly hampering the development of such a library. We describe the development of unique PCR primers for the COI gene that work across four genera and nine species of polydorids. We also compared its efficacy with sequence data for mitochondrial cytochrome b and nuclear 18S rRNA, and a concatenated dataset consisting of all three markers. The nuclear 18S rRNA gene showed the least variation both intra- (0.0–1.2%) and interspecifically (0.6–4.3%), and was the most accurate for species identifications among the three markers. Although COI was characterised by higher intraspecific variation compared with Cyt b (0.0–14.5% and 0.0–4.2%, respectively), Cyt b showed considerably higher levels of interspecific variation (16.6–30.2%) compared with COI (2.2–20.7%). Of the two mitochondrial DNA markers, COI was actually less accurate for species identifications, having suggested two species within Boccardia pseudonatrix that was not supported by the other markers. Overall, the concatenated dataset yielded the most consistent intraspecific groupings, suggesting that this is the most accurate means of identifying polydorids using DNA sequence data. Thus, there may not be a quick and easy way to identify these species accurately using only molecular data.     

利氏才女虫幼虫对轮虫和河蟹溞状幼体的影响

试验结果表明，利氏才女虫（Polydra ligni)幼虫对褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionus plicatilis)的存活有严重危害，其密度与轮虫的存活率负相关；利氏才女虫幼虫对中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis河蟹）Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期蚤状幼体（Z1和Z2）的变态也存在严重危害，其密度与Z1和Z2的变态率亦呈负相关，对利氏才女幼虫的危害机理进行了讨论。     

中国海才女虫属复合体(多毛纲:海稚虫科)种类记述(英文)

才女虫属复合体隶属于多毛纲、海稚虫科,是多毛纲中寄生种类多样性最高的群体之一。本文描述了该复合体在中国海所分布10种的形态学特征和生物学属性。此10种分别为吻蛇稚虫、小蛇稚虫、美角才女虫、难定才女虫、腺袋才女虫、邻近才女虫、触角伪才女虫、膜质伪才女虫、短鳃伪才女虫和网格伪才女虫。其中,邻近才女虫为一新种,该新种主要形态学特征在于其尾部背、腹面皆具缺刻,且头部背面无中触手。中国海分布的大多数才女虫属复合体种类既可以在松软底质上营管栖生活,也可以寄生于某些海洋生物。本文报道的种类中只有邻近才女虫和短鳃伪才女虫未见有寄生现象。中国海才女虫属种类最常见的寄主是贝类(双壳类、腹足类)和珊瑚。     

合浦珠母贝4种壳色选育系主要性状的比较分析

为评估合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)白壳、黑壳、红壳和金壳色选育系F6代的育种性能,对养殖达18个月龄4种壳色合浦珠母贝的形态、质量、闭壳肌拉力和抗才女虫寄生病等12个性状指标进行了方差分析和多重比较。结果显示,4种壳色选育系间壳高、绞合线长、壳宽、体质量、壳质量、软体部质量、闭壳肌质量、闭壳肌拉力、右壳感染率和贝壳感染率均存在显著差异(P0.05)。综合相关分析表明,白壳色选育系可作为壳高和低才女虫感染率同时选育的最优育种群体,金壳色选育系可作为壳宽、体质量和闭壳肌拉力复合选育的最优育种群体。该研究结果为开展合浦珠母贝多性状复合选择育种工作提供了科学根据。