Effect of the Pietrain breed used as terminal boar on Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) in the offspring in four PMWS-affected farms

The aim of this study was to determine the potential risk factors for PMWS at the individual pig level and assess the effect of the Pietrain paternal genetic background of the animals in a cohort study. The survey was set up in four PMWS-affected farms with 2 repetitions (batches) per farm. A representative sample of 60 pigs per batch, stratified according to the paternal genetic background (Pietrain: yes vs. no), was randomly selected after farrowing. The representative cohort was divided into 8 batches and the pigs were individually monitored from birth to slaughter. Survival analysis was used to determine the factors related to the time to PMWS. The litter-cluster effect was taken into account using the marginal Cox model (robust estimation of the covariance matrix) and the gamma shared frailty model which were compared.No protective effect of the Pietrain breed on the time to PMWS and the proportion of affected pigs in the offspring was found in this study. Piglets showing low circovirus type 2 (PCV2) titres at 7 weeks-old with no subsequent seroconversion and piglets from PCV2 negative sows were most likely to be affected by PMWS (HR=7.0 and 2.8, respectively). Active infection of the pregnant dams with parvovirus was related to an increased risk of PMWS in the offspring (HR=2.3). Neck injuries due to poorly performed injections in the dams were associated with an increased risk of PMWS with the marginal model (HR=2.1). Oxytocin injection (dams) during farrowing was protective against PMWS in the offspring (HR=0.6).     

检测与诊断猪圆环病毒PCR技术的建立及病毒的分离鉴定

本研究建立了检测与诊断猪圆环病毒的PCR方法,并对该方法进行了标准化研究。该方法快速、敏感、特异性强,可扩增10ng的阳性质粒的DNA,可以从30μL病料组织悬液或全血中扩增检测出PCV,并且该方法可以区分PCV1和PCV-2,对其它病原微生物如PPV、PRRSV、SIV以及许多细菌不能检出。应用此方法对6省市的12个猪场的225份病料进行了检测,对阳性病料进行了病毒分离,对分离的病毒进行了电镜观察与序列测定,结果证实分离的病毒为PCV-2。     

断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症发病机理之研究进展

断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症(PMWS)是由2型圆环病毒(PCV2)引起猪的一种疾病。PMWS的主要病理特征是淋巴细胞衰竭。目前认为PMWS的发病机理与免疫系统有关。在此,就目前关于PCV2-PMWS-免疫系统三者之间关系的研究进展和未来主要的研究方向作一综述。     

断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症发病机理的研究进展

断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合症(PMWS)是由2型圆环病毒(PCV2)引起猪的一种疾病。PMWS的主要病理特征是淋巴细胞衰竭。目前认为PMWS的发病机理与免疫系统有关。在此,就目前关于PCV2-PMWS-免疫系统三者之间关系的研究进展和未来主要的研究方向作一综述。     

Inhibitory action of intravenously administered ammonium acetate on the motility of the rumen in sheep

Summary

The effect of 60 minutes’ intravenous infusions, before morning feeding, of ammonium acetate (18.6 micromole/min/kg of body weight) and ammonium acetate with propranolol (11 μg/min/kg of body weight) on the ruminal motility of sheep was examined. Ammonia has an adrenaline‐like action therefore propranolol, a beta‐receptor blocking agent, was administered in order to eliminate the possible effect of adrenaline on ruminal motility. The contractions of the dorsal sack of the rumen were registered by means of the balloon method, with the gauge inserted through the rumen fistula. The infusion of ammonium acetate caused an increase of the ammonia concentration in the blood to 0.6 mmolel/at the end of 60 minutes’ infusion. Already during the first 5 minutes of the intravenous infusion of ammonium acetate there was a decreased frequency of ruminal contractions, which was observed throughout the infusion. After the infusion there was a radical decrease of the concentration of ammonia in the blood, and at the same time an increase in the frequency of rumen contraction was observed.

Blocking of the beta‐adrenergic receptors by propranolol did not eliminate the inhibiting action of ammonium ion on rumen motility. The infusion of the ammonium acetate caused an increase of adrenaline and glucose concentration. This response was eliminated by propranolol in the case of adrenaline but not glucose. It is assumed that the action of ammonium ion on the rumen motility is derived primarily by the central nervous system.     

Induction of porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs from PMWS unaffected herds following mingling with pigs from PMWS-affected herds

In this paper we present the results from two experimental studies (I and II) investigating whether post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) can be induced in pigs from PMWS unaffected herds by mingling with pigs from PMWS-affected herds and to observe whether transportation and/or mingling of healthy pigs from unaffected herds could induce PMWS.The studies comprised pigs from 12 different herds. Eight herds had PMWS while four were unaffected. All 12 herds were found to be infected with PCV2. Pigs from PMWS-affected herds were mingled with pigs from unaffected herds in four separate compartments in both study I and study II. In addition, in study II, four groups of pigs from unaffected herds were included. Two groups with pigs transported and mingled from unaffected herds and two groups with pigs which were only transported. The PMWS diagnoses on the individual pigs were based on lymphoid depletion, histiocytic proliferation and the presence of giant cells or inclusion bodies together with the demonstration of PCV2 in lymphoid tissue.Healthy pigs, in both studies, developed PMWS 4–5 weeks after mingling with pigs clinically affected with PMWS. None of the pigs from unaffected herds which had no contact with pigs from PMWS-affected herds developed clinical signs of PMWS. Transportation and mingling of pigs from PMWS unaffected herds in combination or alone was insufficient to provoke PMWS.     

Multiply-primed rolling-circle amplification (MPRCA) of PCV2 genomes: Applications on detection, sequencing and virus isolation

Multiply-primed rolling-circle amplification (MPRCA) was used to amplify porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genomes isolated from tissues of pigs with signs of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Two of the amplified PCV2 genomes were cloned in prokaryotic plasmids and sequenced. Both were nearly identical (1767 nt) except for one silent substitution in the region coding for the capsid protein (ORF2). In addition, they showed high nucleotide sequence similarity with PCV2 isolates from others countries (93–99%). To investigate whether the MPRCA amplified PCV2 genomes could be used to produce infectious virus, the cloned genomes were isolated from the plasmids, recircularized and used for transfection in PK-15 cells. This procedure led to the production of infectious virus to titres up to 10^5.55 TCID₅₀/mL. It was concluded that MPRCA is a useful tool to amplify PCV2 genomes aiming at sequencing and virus isolation strategies, where particularly useful is the fact that it allows straightforward construction of PCV2 infectious clones from amplified genomes. However, it was less sensitive than PCR for diagnostic purposes.     

圆环病毒PCR技术的建立及在规模化猪场的应用

目的建立猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)的快速PCR检测方法,并对规模化猪场进行流行病学调查。方法对疑似患有典型断奶仔猪多系统衰弱综合征(PMWS)的病猪进行病理学观察,针对猪圆环病毒2型开放阅读框2(ORF2)设计特异性引物进行PCR检测,建立PCR快速检测方法。对四川地区的规模化猪场进行PCV2的流行病学调查。结果建立的PCR技术可以快速检测样品中PCV2病原,可重复性好。应用此方法对9个规模化猪场的104份样品进行检测。结论 PCV2感染在规模化猪场的存在比较普遍,本研究为进一步开展疫病的检测和进行PCV2流行病学调查奠定了基础。     

用PCR方法检测猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型

建立了一种能特异性地扩增猪圆环病毒 型 (porcine circovirus type 2 ,PCV- 2 )核酸片段的 PCR方法 ,从疑似断奶猪多系统衰竭综合征 (PMWS)的感染病例的淋巴结和脾脏中扩增出了预期长度的 PCV- 2 DNA片段 ,用限制性内切酶 Eco R 酶切鉴定了 PCR产物的特异性。 PCR产物的核苷酸序列分析表明 ,与已报道的 PCV- 2 (Gen Bank Ac-cession num ber AF0 2 72 17)相关区域的核苷酸序列同源性均大于 96 %。首次证实了我国猪群中存在 PCV- 2感染的PMWS。