Capricious bioinvasions versus uncoordinated management strategies: how the most unlikely invaders can prosper under the current UK legislation framework

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僧帽牡蛎保鲜过程中游离氨基酸_牛磺酸的变化

探讨了僧帽牡蛎在低温贮藏保鲜过程中鲜度指标及游离氨基酸,牛磺酸等的变化。实验表明：在０－２℃及３－５℃的贮藏中挥发性盐氮呈平缓上升趋势,贮藏１５天分别为１５．２ｍｇ／１００ｇ和２０．６ｍｇ／１００ｇ;而在６－８℃下,贮藏,挥发性盐基氮变化相对较快,１５天后高达２６．８ｍｇ／１００ｇ。在萃取液中,牛磺酸的含量最高,其在贮藏中略有下降,但基本上在３５７ｍｇ／１００ｇ－３８７ｍｇ／１００ｇ范围内波动;游     

A physiological and biochemical approach to selecting the ideal diet for Ostrea edulis (L.) broodstock conditioning (part A)

To select the best microalgae for Ostrea edulis conditioning, four single species diets were fed to batches of broodstock, which were then compared using physiological and biochemical approaches. Ingestion and absorption were first studied, showing that Chaetoceros gracilis and Skeletonema marinoï were efficiently ingested (4.9–5.3 mg g^?1 h^?1) and absorbed (1.9–2.5 mg g^?1 h^?1) while Tetraselmis suecica led to the lowest physiological responses (0.36 and 0.12 mg g^?1 h^?1 respectively). When O. edulis were fed any microalgae except T‐ISO with only 79 mg g^?1, gonads accumulated carbohydrates from 116 to 141 mg g^?1 and the extent of accumulation depended on the species supplied in the order T. suecica<C. gracilis<S. marinoï. When oysters were fed either of the diatoms (C. gracilis or S. marinoï), an efficient transfer of 20:5(n‐3) to all tissues, including the gonads, was recorded while no enrichment in 22:6(n‐3) occurred in all tissues (polar fraction) when oysters were fed T‐ISO. In contrast (22:5(n‐6)), a characteristic fatty acid of T‐ISO accumulated in all tissues, confirming its allocation despite particularly low ingestion (1.66 mg g^?1 h^?1) and absorption (0.32 mg g^?1 h^?1). When oysters were fed C. gracilis or S. marinoï an efficient transfer of cholesterol and campesterol from diatoms to the gonads was observed, while no sterol accumulation occurred in the gonad when fed T. suecica. Because of low ingestion, absorption and poor biochemical compounds' transfer, T. suecica is not recommended for O. edulis conditioning. T‐ISO also exhibited low physiological performances but due to a specific 22:6(n‐3) enrichment in the gonad neutral fraction (16.1%), its potential role in reproduction should be considered. Chaetoceros gracilis is highly recommended for O. edulis broodstock while a source of DHA other than that provided by T‐ISO should be found due to its poor absorption. Because a mixed diet has been shown to be more efficient for O. edulis broodstock conditioning, complementary trials dealing with the effects of other species rich in 22:6(n‐3) such as Rhodomonas salina or Pavlova lutheri should be performed.     

Bonamia in Ostrea angasi: Diagnostic performance,field prevalence and intensity

Bonamia spp. parasites threaten flat oyster (Ostrea spp.) farming worldwide. Understanding test performance is important for designing surveillance and interpreting diagnostic results. Following a pilot survey which found low Bonamia sp. intensity in farmed Ostrea angasi, we tested further oysters (n = 100–150) from each of three farms for Bonamia sp. using heart smear, histology and qPCR. We used a Bayesian Latent Class Model to assess diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) of these tests individually or in combination, and to assess prevalence. Histology was the best individual test (DSe 0.76, DSp 0.93) compared to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (DSe 0.69, DSp 0.93) and heart smear (DSe 0.61, DSp 0.60). Histology combined with qPCR and defining a positive from either test as an infected case maximized test performance (DSe 0.91, DSp 0.88). Prevalence was higher at two farms in a high‐density oyster growing region than at a farm cultivating oysters at lower density. Parasite intensities were lower than in New Zealand and European studies, and this is probably contributed to differences in the performance of test when compared to other studies. Understanding diagnostic test performance in different populations can support the development of improved Bonamia surveillance programs.     

0号柴油水溶性成分对僧帽牡蛎脂质过氧化的影响

在实验条件下,将僧帽牡蛎分别置于含有0.5、2、5 mg·L-10号柴油水溶性成分的海水中,在污染后1、4、7、11、15 d采样,15 d后转入清洁海水中进行6 d的恢复实验,采样,观察消化腺和鳃脂质过氧化的程度。结果表明:(1)正常生理条件下消化腺和鳃也有一定程度的脂质过氧化,消化腺显著高于鳃;(2)脂质过氧化的程度随污染时间的延长而增加,并存在一定的剂量-效应关系,可作为监测海洋石油污染的生物标志物;(3)解除污染后,脂质过氧化恢复到对照水平。     

Consumer Preference and Sensory Properties of the Pacific Cupped Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the European Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis)

ABSTRACT

Experts in the oyster supply chain (farmers, retailers, and gourmet chefs) in The Netherlands have suggested that the European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) has superior sensory qualities compared to the Pacific cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas). However, scientific evidence is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate consumer preferences for these two oyster species and to determine the sensory properties of both species by consumers. Two-alternative forced choice tests were performed with the oysters involving a panel of 74 naïve consumers. No significant differences in preferences between the oyster species were observed by the consumers. Nine sensory attributes of both oyster species were evaluated. Consumers did not observe significant differences between species in the sensory attributes: overall odor intensity, sea odor, mud odor, sweetness, pungency, and firmness. The Pacific cupped oyster was perceived as significantly saltier and more intense in greenness than the European flat oyster. We concluded that only a few sensory properties of the European flat oyster and the Pacific cupped oyster are perceived as being different by untrained consumers.     

干制牡蛎营养成分分析及其提取工艺的建立

为了探究近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)中铝(Al)的形态分布,利用化学连续浸提法结合电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对近江牡蛎总Al质量分数及Al存在形态进行初步研究,并对4种浸提液的浸提条件进行优化。结果显示,其优化参数为0.5 mol·L^–1氯化钾溶液70 mL浸提2 h,去离子水70 mL浸提2 h,4 mol·L^–1盐酸溶液70 mL浸提2 h,浓硝酸70 mL浸提2 h。此条件下,近江牡蛎整体中Al形态存在有机铝<铝离子(Al³⁺)<水溶态铝<氢氧化铝 [Al(OH)₃]<难溶态铝的分布规律,约77.36%的Al以难溶态存在,毒性较大的无机Al主要以Al(OH)₃的形态存在,占总Al的15.87%。通过模拟胃肠消化环境,测定近江牡蛎中Al的溶出率,模拟胃液可溶出Al占总Al的8.16%~32.11%,说明由于胃液的酸性和酶的作用,近江牡蛎中的Al在胃液中形态发生变化。     

Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the conditioning of the flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) in autumn

The production of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis (L.) natural spat in Europe has decreased almost by 60% in the past ten years. Thus, the importance of the production of oyster spat in hatcheries is evident. One of the critical steps in hatchery production is broodstock conditioning, especially difficult in autumn, when gonadal development is in resting period. Conditioning is influence by temperature, photoperiod and nutrition. In this work, the effects of two temperature and three photoperiod regimes on the conditioning of O. edulis were studied for three years by stereological analyses and registering number and dates of spawning and larval yield. Temperature had a positive effect on the gonadal development of O. edulis during conditioning. The percentages of germinal cells in oysters conditioned with a gradient of temperature (14–18°C) were double compared to oysters conditioned at 15°C. Oysters conditioned with longer photoperiods showed higher percentages of germinal cells. There was no interaction between temperature and photoperiod. Spawning was observed in the oysters treated with daylight (8–16 h) ten weeks from the beginning of conditioning. Flat oysters conditioned with 8 h and 8–12 h of daylight delayed the first spawning for a month. Total larval production was higher in the oysters treated with the longest daylight gradient. Gonadal and gametogenic development was a non‐synchronic process and the spawning extended for around two months. A protocol for flat oyster broodstock conditioning in autumn by using both a gradient of temperature (14–18°C) and daylight (8–16 h) is proposed.