维生素E对日本沼虾生长性能、抗氧化性能及抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中维生素E水平对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)幼虾生长性能、抗氧化性能和抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响。选择健壮、平均初始体重为(0.119±0.004)g的900只日本沼虾幼虾,随机分为6个组,每组3个重复,每个重复50只。以维生素E乙酯为添加形式,配制6组维生素E实际含量分别为18.31、37.94、66.07、120.25、212.68和388.96 mg/kg的半纯化饲料(分别记为VE1、VE2、VE3、VE4、VE5和VE6组),饲喂8周,随后进行24 h氨氮胁迫试验。结果显示:1)各组日本沼虾成活率(SR)无显著差异(P0.05);随饲料维生素E水平的增加,日本沼虾增重率(WGR)呈先增加后下降的变化趋势,VE4组最高,且显著高于VE1组(P0.05);饲料系数(FCR)变化趋势则与WGR相反,VE4组最低,且显著低于VE1组(P0.05)。2)氨氮胁迫前,各组日本沼虾肝胰腺中丙二醛(MDA)含量随饲料维生素E水平的增加呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,在VE3组达到最低,且显著低于VE1、VE5和VE6组(P0.05);各组日本沼虾肝胰腺总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力和总抗氧化力(T-AOC)随饲料维生素E水平的增加呈先上升后下降的变化趋势。VE1和VE6组日本沼虾硫氧还蛋白(Trx)mRNA表达量较高,硫氧还蛋白还原酶(TrxR)mRNA表达量则较低。VE3组热休克蛋白60(HSP60)mRNA表达量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),VE1组热休克同源蛋白70(HSC70)mRNA表达量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),VE1和VE2组热休克蛋白90(HSP90)mRNA表达显著高于其他各组(P0.05)。3)氨氮胁迫后,各组日本沼虾肝胰腺SOD、CAT、GSH-Px活力,MDA含量,Trx、TrxR和HSC70 mRNA表达量的变化趋势与胁迫前相似,HSP60和HSP90 mRNA表达量变化与胁迫前相反。氨氮胁迫可降低日本沼虾肝胰腺GSH-Px活力、T-AOC及Trx、TrxR mRNA表达量,提高MDA含量及VE4、VE5和VE6组SOD活力。由此可见,饲料中添加120.25 mg/kg维生素E对日本沼虾的生长具有积极的促进作用,饲料中添加66.07、120.25和212.68 mg/kg的维生素E可提高日本沼虾抗氧化性能和抗氨氮胁迫能力。     

青虾的虾苗培育及其稻田养殖技术

报道了青虾的虾苗培育和捕捞技术及青虾稻田养殖的具体技术和应注意的问题。     

The On-Farm Trials of the Rotational Prawn-Rice Farming in a Semi-Deep Water Area

ABSTRACT

The on-farm trials of rotational rice-prawn farming in a semi-deep water area in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was carried out in six rice fields (0.7–1.0 ha) to evaluate the production and economic efficiency of using low and high cost feed on prawn culture in paddies at different densities. Two stocking densities of 4 and 5 PL/m² were investigated. Two treatments of feed types (pellets only or a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat) were applied at stocking 4 PL/m². At the treatment of 5 PL/m², prawns were fed a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat. Prawns were stocked in the mid-April and harvested in mid‐November before the next dry season rice crop. Rice farming was started 3 to 5 days after prawn harvesting. By cull harvesting during the culture period, final mean weights of prawn ranged from 47.2 to 57.2 g/prawn and the male:female ratio at harvesting was 2.5:1.0. The prawn yield of treatment 5 PL/m² was highest (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Net profits in treatments using the combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat were 861 ± 193 US$/ha to 1,019 ± 25 US$/ha for the prawn crop and 1,393 ± 71 US$/ha to 1,576 ± 180 US$/ha for the whole system (prawn crop + dry rice crop) and significantly higher than in treatment using pellet only (P < 0.05). Prawns fed on pellets or a combination of pellets and snail meat both offer similar results in terms of production and economics. The dry rice crop offered high cost benefit ratio (2.29–2.33) with low operating cost (414–434 USD/ha) and it made a better use in sustainable rice fields through the rotational rice-prawn system.     

罗氏沼虾繁殖习性的研究

本文对罗氏沼虾的繁殖习性进行了较为详细地描述。性成熟的雌虾必须经过生殖蜕皮方可交配、产卵；受精卵粘附于腹肢刚毛上；在水温２４℃左右的条件下，幼体孵出约需２７天；性成熟雌虾能多次产卵。     

异型雄性罗氏沼虾遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用微卫星DNA标记研究3种近亲交配形态型雄性罗氏沼虾遗传多样性,所用虾样均采自国家级(南宁)罗氏沼虾良种场,共150尾成年近亲交配的雄虾,其中蓝色长臂型、橙色长臂型、小个体型各50尾。研究结果表明,3组样品的生长发育差异显著,蓝色长臂型、橙色长臂型、小个体型各组中微卫星位点的总等位基因分别为24、28和22,3组样品所有位点的平均观察杂合度为0.474～0.556。其平均群体内近交系数为-0.0189,说明杂合子过剩,对比分析和群体间分化系数表明,3组雄虾遗传差异明显,最大遗传间距位于蓝色长臂型和小个体型,最小的遗传间距位于蓝色长臂型和橙色长臂型。研究结果将为罗氏沼虾优质父本选育和调控雄性遗传发育提供基础性遗传信息。     

日本沼虾饲料最适蛋白质、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比的研究

本文研究了日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)饲料的最适蛋白质含量、脂肪含量及能量蛋白比。试验用饲料由酪蛋白、糊精、混合油、复合维生素和无机盐混合物等组成。本试验用的日本沼虾体重为 1.77±0.23克,试验期间水温为 21—25℃。用增重率、饲料系数和肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力等作为评价指标。试验结果表明:日本沼虾配合饲料适宜蛋白质含量为 36.8—42.27％,适宜脂肪含量为6—12％。当配合饲料的蛋内质含量在适宜范围内,饲料能量蛋白比(C/P)为8千卡/克蛋白左右,每公斤配合饲料的总能量为3006—3561千卡是最为适宜的。当饲料总能量在一定范围内,随着饲料碳水化合物含量的增加,肝胰脏α-淀粉酶活力增强。     

Evaluation of Streptocephalus dichotomus nauplii as a larval diet for freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

This study was performed to assess the nutritional value of Streptocephalus dichotomus nauplii and compared with standard larval diet and parthenogenetic strain of Artemia nauplii. The effectiveness of live feed was determined by feeding freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae. Results on the growth rate, weight gain, survival, fatty acid and amino acid composition show a significant variation between the dietary treatments. Mean larval growth was significantly different ( P  < 0.001) between control diet (13.5 ± 0.5 mm) and live feeds ( Streptocephalus nauplii; 18.4 ± 0.5 mm and Artemia nauplii 18.7 ± 0.2 mm). The weight of larvae-fed Streptocephalus (41.1 ± 1.44 mg) and Artemia nauplii (41.7 ± 0.2 mg) was not significantly different; however, treatment with live feeds was significantly higher than the control (16.3 ± 0.5 mg) ( P  < 0.001). Proximate composition on the fairy shrimp reveals that they are rich in protein, lipid, essential amino acids (EAA) and essential fatty acids (EFA). The polyenoic unsaturated fatty acid (18 : 2 n-6 and 18 : 3 n-3) and highly unsaturated fatty acid (20 : 4 n-3 and 20 : 5 n-3) show a dramatic increase in larval tissue relative to its proportional composition in the live diets. Amino acid composition in the live feeds, Streptocephalus and Artemia nauplii, perfectly reflects on the amino acid proportions in the larvae-fed diets which confirm its utilization.     

pH对日本沼虾耗氧率及鳃组织CAT、SOD活力的影响

在水温24.0±0.2℃条件下,采用静水停食法开展了pH对日本沼虾存活、耗氧率及鳃组织CAT、SOD活力的影响实验。结果表明：（1）日本沼虾对碱性环境的耐受性略强于酸性环境,其pH耐受范围为5.5～8.5,该范围内日本沼虾组内耗氧率均呈夜均显著高于昼均（P〈0.05）,组间昼均和夜均耗氧率均无显著差异（P〉0.05）,且鳃组织SOD、CAT活力均呈先降后升走势;（2）日本沼虾pH适宜范围为6.5～8.5,该范围内日本沼虾鳃组织SOD低谷期均比pH 5.5实验组后延24 h,各观测时段CAT活力均显著低于pH 5.5实验组（P〈0.05）;（3）日本沼虾pH最适宜区间为6.5～8.5的中央区域,本研究所设实验梯度中pH 7.5实验组日本沼虾鳃组织SOD、CAT活力最为稳定。