改革我国农业技术推广体系的基本思路

农业技术推广体系的建设必须适应社会主义市场经济体制要求,建立一个分工明确、竞争有序的多层次、多元化的农业技术推广体系;确定市、县、乡各级农技推广的重点与分工,明确政府的项目推广与市场推广的相互关系;明确以聘用制为核心的人事管理机制,以承包制为核心的激励机制,以项目带动为核心的科技推广机制,以报酬与绩效相结合的分配机制。在建设过程中,还应找准四个结合点,即公益型和经营型技术推广相结合,无偿服务与有偿经营相结合,生产技术指导与市场营销相结合,集中示范与推广普及相结合。     

基于船舶观测的黑潮延伸体典型涡对的三维结构分析

为了理解黑潮延伸体(KE)区域活跃的中尺度过程,认识该海域中尺度涡旋的三维结构,以及中尺度涡旋在水团再分配、海-气相互作用方面起到的贡献。本文基于船舶观测和卫星遥感数据,研究了2022年6?7月之间分别分布于KE主流轴南北两侧的一个气旋式涡旋(CE)和反气旋式涡旋(AE)构成的典型涡对三维结构特征。结果表明：(1) CE存在南向跨锋运动,剪切强迫主导了该CE的运动过程;AE则相对稳定地存在;(2) CE的“冷舌”结构在海表增温和黑潮暖水扩散作用下逐渐消退;由于对CE所携带冷水的夹带作用,AE表现出“反涡旋海表面温度异常”的结构;(3) 该涡对内部温盐异常的多核结构与不同特性水团垂向再分配作用有关,AE内部流场斜压强,理查德森数小于临界值0.25的占比达50%左右,说明易引发湍流混合;CE上层垂向结构稳定,正压性强,使跨密面混合难以进行。该研究工作有助于提升对KE区域涡对特征和涡旋内部结构的认识,为进一步的涡旋动力研究提供支撑。     

Estimation of habitat suitability for the southern form of the short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in the North Pacific

Habitat models were developed from dedicated sighting survey data collected during summers between 1983 and 2006 in the North Pacific Ocean. Our aim was to examine the distribution pattern of the southern form of the short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) in relation to the physical environment. We tested two different types of analytical procedures for habitat estimation: generalized linear models (GLMs) and ecological niche factor analysis (ENFA). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the Boyce index suggested that GLM defined the core habitat well, whereas ENFA estimated the suitable habitat more correctly. These models indicated the core habitat within the subtropical gyre. Among the environmental variables used to construct the habitat models, the temperature at a depth of 200 m contributed most to both GLM and ENFA. This corresponds to the fact that the species mainly feeds on mesopelagic prey and that the axis of the Kuroshio Current, in the northwestern part of the subtropical gyre, is characterized by its temperature at 200 m. Habitat suitability in the coastal waters off southern Japan also correlated with the Kuroshio meander patterns. Thus, the southern form of the short‐finned pilot whale appears to be particularly well adapted to the ecosystem of the North Pacific subtropical gyre.     

From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru

The Peru‐Humboldt Current system (HCS) supports the world's largest pelagic fisheries. Among the world's eastern boundary current systems, it is the most exposed to high climatic stress and is directly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. In this volatile ecosystem, fish have been led to develop adaptive strategies in space and time. In this paper, we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying such strategies, focusing on the El Niño 1997–98 in Peru from which an extensive set of hydrographic, capture and acoustic survey data are available. An integrated analysis of the data is crucial, as each has substantial shortcomings individually; for example, both catch data and acoustic surveys may easily lead to wrong conclusions. Existing hypotheses on anchovy and sardine alternations lead us to a ‘habitat‐based’ synthetic hypothesis. Using our data, an integrated approach evaluated how fish responded to habitat variation, and determined the consequences in terms of fish‐population variability. Various factors occurring at a range of different spatio‐temporal scales were considered: interdecadal regime (warm ‘El Viejo’/cool ‘La Vieja’ decadal scale); strength and the duration of the El Niño Southern Oscillation event (interannual scale); population condition before the event (interannual scale); fishing pressure and other predation (annual scale); changes in reproductive behaviour (intra‐annual scale); presence of local upwelling (local scale). During El Niño 1997–98, anchovy was able to exploit a small‐scale temporal and spatial ‘loophole’ inside the general unfavourable conditions. Moreover, sardine did not do better than anchovy during this El Niño and was not able to take advantage of the ‘loophole’ opened by this short‐term event. Our results question the traditional view that El Niño is bad for anchovy and good for sardine.     

The nameless counterpart: a reconstruction of the experiences of private forestry extension officers with their clients

The changes to the forest ownership structure of small private forests in recent times have opened up an intensive field of research throughout Europe. Most of the studies completed to date adhere to the classic survey model and describe the behaviour and attitudes of forest owners. The research presented in this article analyses the changes to small private forests with the aid of data collected from focus groups comprised of forestry extension officers in Germany. Through the reconstruction of the experiences gleaned by the consultants, it was possible to describe the manner in which they characterise their clientele, and the changes they have observed, against the backdrop of changes occurring across rural areas. The consultants’ strategies for describing forest owners are presented. The orientation pattern presented by the extension officers is compared with the urban orientation of forest owners’ model developed by social scientists.     

农技云平台知识地图的设计与实现

农技云平台是面向全国农业技术推广人员的综合性知识服务平台,为他们提供学习、交流、分享以及与农业专家互动等各种知识服务。随着项目的不断推进,数据量的急剧增加,平台内急需一种有效的知识管理工具来帮助用户更快捷得找到最需要的知识。知识地图作为一种知识管理工具已经被应用到了很多领域,它可以为用户提供一个直观的、图像化的知识引导,揭示知识间的关系,促进知识的交流与分享。介绍了全国基层农技推广信息化云平台的基本情况,以及知识地图的发展概况和特点,在此基础上首次提出了将知识地图应用到农业科技领域的想法,制定了在云平台中构建知识地图的设计方案,具体包括知识地图整体架构的设计、静态知识节点中位置属性与内容属性的提取、动态知识节点的社会标注、知识网络关联算法的设计,并对知识地图的展现策略做出了详细的说明。而且,根据该方案,云平台中的知识地图已经得到了初步实现。     

Agricultural extension approach: evidence from an Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project in Ethiopia

Agricultural extension is an approach to rural development and agricultural transformation in which training, demonstration and technology transfer are key to reducing rural poverty, ensuring food security, and sustainably managing natural resources. During recent decades, different extension approaches have been tested and validated by the Ethiopian government and non-governmental organizations to stimulate participation in the agricultural extension system (AES). The most recent was a German-funded project entitled “Integrated Soil Fertility Management Project” (ISFM⁺), which employed a novel approach to piloting and upscaling proven technology and best practice. The purpose of this study was to analyze and document the modalities of ISFM⁺ and illustrate its effects on technology uptake and dissemination. The study used a mixed methods approach to collect data. ATLAS.ti and SPSS were used for data management and analysis. Farmer Research and Extension Groups and Farmer Field Schools were found to be central to the participation process. Also, the ISFM⁺ was found to aid technology transfer and helped to increase grain and residue yields as well as farmer livelihoods. Based on these empirical findings, it is argued that the ISFM⁺ approach and technology should be integrated and institutionalized in the mainstream AES in order to promote their extensive application.     

水生态文明内涵及外延探究

在生态文明概念的基础上,通过共性与特性分析,探讨了水生态文明的科学内涵;从空间和时间2个不同的角度,探讨了水生态文明的外延。基于此,指出了我国水生态文明建设应当注意的问题与可供借鉴的方向。     

从"集合"的由来演化看数学哲学的基本问题

"集合"已成为现代数学的核心概念,它是人类认识事物、现象等的一种模式。迄今科学家们提出了三种重要的集合概念:Cantor集合、Fuzzy集合、Extension集合,在每一种集合上建立一种数学,集合的拓广导致了数学的拓广。