Food resources and cyprinid diet in permanent and temporary Mediterranean rivers with natural and regulated flow

This study addresses the differences in food availability, diet and feeding activity of the Iberian barbel, between permanent and temporary nonregulated rivers, and the effect of flow regulation on feeding parameters. A total of 267 adult barbels were seasonally collected in four nonregulated and regulated rivers from permanent and temporary basins, and their gut content was analysed. Locally available food sources were evaluated across sites and seasons. Barbels from the permanent nonregulated river exhibit a more variable and diversified diet in which invertebrates assumed a large importance, especially during high flows. Barbels from the temporary nonregulated river presented a more uniform diet composed of plant material and detritus, particularly in drought seasons. Flow regulation affected different flow components in both systems, but the effects on food resources and barbels' diet were similar, resulting in an intra‐annual stabilisation of resource availability and fish diet, with a higher consumption of plants and detritus. Changes in fish diet and feeding activity in both nonregulated and regulated rivers were strongly associated with the seasonal variability of streamflow components, particularly between low‐ and high‐flow periods, and with the reduction in flow variability in the case of dam regulation. Results from this study can be used to improve guidelines for flow requirement implementation.     

三江源退化高寒草原植物种间亲和性和土壤团聚体特征

为研究三江源地区不同退化程度的高寒草原土壤团聚体和种间亲和性特征,以轻度、中度、重度和极度退化草地为研究对象,对土壤特征和群落特征进行测定。结果表明：随着退化程度的加剧,同一土层相同粒径土壤颗粒的分形维数逐渐减小,>0.5 mm粒径土壤团聚体占比下降、平均重量直径减小,<0.5 mm粒径土壤颗粒的平均重量直径增大,各粒径团聚体分布受土层深度影响较小;中度退化草地物种多样性最高,其种间相关性也最为复杂;随退化程度加剧,正联结种对占比增大,而负联结种对占比下降,种对间的相关性和性质也发生显著变化;退化过程中土壤沙化明显,群落建群种发生变化、杂类草比例显著增加,种对间相关性趋于简单,种间竞争强度逐渐降低。因此,在草地退化过程中维持群落种间亲和性,可有效遏制土壤沙化和草原进一步退化。     

三江源区不同高寒草地植物矿物元素含量特征及分析

本试验对三江源区不同高寒草地植物中6种矿物元素（钾K,钙Ca,钠Na,镁Mg,锌Zn,铁Fe）的含量进行了测定和分析,结果表明：植物中K元素含量为7.314～12.803 g·kg^-1之间,Ca元素含量为2.851～6.823 g·kg^-1之间,Na元素含量为64.404～185.553 mg·kg^-1之间,Mg元素含量为1.272～2.655 g·kg^-1之间,Zn元素含量为14.718～51.387 mg·kg^-1之间,Fe元素含量为161.056～531.677 mg·kg^-1之间;豆科（Leguminosae）植物和杂类草（Forbs）矿物元素含量显著高于禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物;植物中K元素与Mg元素、Ca元素与Na元素、Ca元素与Zn元素、Na元素与Zn元素含量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,Ca元素与Fe元素、Mg元素与Fe元素之间呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;根据美国国家研究理事会（National research council,NRC）绵羊日粮矿物元素需求标准,三江源区各草地植物中Na,Zn元素相对缺乏,其它4种元素均能满足放牧藏羊的矿物营养需求。     

Influence of the Flood-Control-Projects on the Hydrodynamic State of the Rivers Confluence in Chongqing

Though the Flood-Control-Projects along Yantze River and Jialing River in Chongqing may well improve the urban traffic and construction,it may change the river hydrodynamic characters.There may be two consequences,one is to reduce the size of cross section and the other is to change the river shape,such as the curvature radius.The phenomena of the local backwater and velocity variety are obvious,which result in some problems for the navigation: sediment,transport and so on.In this paper, the study object is the Flood-Control-Projects and Yangtse River and Jialing River,and the aim is to study the influence of the Flood-Control-Projects on the hydrodynamic state of the two rivers.Using the numerical technique,with the two rivers hydrodynamic model the flow field's change of river after completion of Flood-Control-Projects is simulated and the reasons caused by the change are analyzed.     

海南岛三大流域农业土壤源污染物流失特征研究

采用径流场结合人工模拟降雨方式,研究了海南岛万泉河、南渡江和昌化江三大流域土壤中氮、磷、有机质等营养物质的流失特征。结果表明,三大流域土壤径流系数和泥沙流失速率的大小顺序为：暴雨〉大雨〉中雨;相同雨强条件下,万泉河的径流系数与南渡江相近,昌化江最小;泥沙流失速率大小顺序为：万泉河〉南渡江〉昌化江;雨强对总磷（TP）流失速率的影响达到极显著水平,磷随径流流失以颗粒磷（PP）为主;氮在雨强较小时以可溶氮（DN）流失为主,当达到暴雨时则以颗粒氮（PN）流失为主;雨强越大,地表径流中COD、TN、DN和PN流失速率越高。三大流域区土壤养分随泥沙流失特征相似,不同雨强条件下,三大流域的总氮、总磷和有机质流失速率的规律一致,雨强越大,流失速率越高;在同一雨强条件下,三流域区总氮、总磷和有机质随泥沙流失速率为：昌化江〉万泉河〉南渡江。影响面源流失的主要因素为坡度、雨强、土质等。     

The significance of meandering channel morphology on the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a lowland river in Japan

• 1. Many rivers and streams across the world have been channelized for various purposes. Channel cross‐sections of meandering rivers are asymmetrical and have cross‐sectional diversity in their physical environment; cross‐sections of a channelized river are typically trapezoidal and have little cross‐sectional diversity, both in physical and ecological conditions. Several programmes to restore stream meanders have been undertaken to improve river ecosystems degraded by channelization. However, the association between diversification in the physical environment due to meander restoration and the macroinvertebrate community structure is poorly known.
• 2. This study of a lowland river in Japan assessed how the cross‐sectional diversity of the physical environment changed with restoration of a meander in a channelized river, and how the macroinvertebrate communities responded to the changes in physical habitat variation. Comparisons were made between the macroinvertebrate communities of a channelized reach, the restored meandering reach, and a natural meandering reach.
• 3. Natural meandering and restored meandering reaches showed higher cross‐sectional diversity in physical variables and total taxon richness across a reach than did the channelized reach. Almost all taxa observed in the natural and restored meandering reaches were concentrated in the shallowest marginal habitats near the banks. Shear velocity increasing with water depth had a negative association with macroinvertebrate density and richness.
• 4. This study demonstrated that the shallow river bed along the inside of bends formed point bars that provided a highly stable substrate, a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates in a lowland river. It is concluded that meander restoration could be an effective strategy for in‐stream habitat restoration in lowland meandering rivers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青海高原区域水电密集开发对河流区段生态影响分析

青海处在青藏高原生态脆弱地区,水电工程建设对河流区段生态因子,如地质、水文气候、生物、人文地理环境等产生影响。黄河干流已建、在建和规划建设的水电站共３１座,总装机１９７０．３５万ＫＷ,比理论蕴藏值扩大３０４．３５万ＫＷ。从河流水能蕴藏量、电站规模、河流原生态的优劣区别、流域区系和生态承受力、开发区段局部影响力等方面分析,青海部分河流水电建设的密集度排序为：隆务河＞大通河＞黑河＞湟水河＞格尔木河＞黄河;对河流生态影响的综合程度评价排序为：隆务河＞大通河＞黄河＞湟水河＞黑河＞格尔木河。依青海部分河流 的水电密集开发建设现状,分析评价由此对河流区段局部生态造成的影响程度,并提出对策。     

北运河水生态系统服务功能价值评估

提出北运河水生态系统服务功能分类及评估方法,采用2007年相关调查统计资料,对北运河水生态系统服务功能价值进行估算.得出2007年北运河水生态系统服务平均总价值41.08亿元,其中,直接服务价值占24.03％,间接服务价值占75.97％,为当地政府在北运河水生态方面的管理和开发利用提供决策依据。     

江河养殖船结构及改进的研究

养殖船主尺度（ｍ）为Ｌ＝３１．３０－４０，５０，Ｂ＝５．５０－７．００，Ｈ＝１．３０－１．７０，Ｔ＝１．０５－１．４４；船型系数为α＝０．９５－０．９９，β＝０．９９－１．００，δ＝０．８５－０．９０。船型与非动力驳船最为接近。养鱼舱面积为９０ｍ＾２－１８０ｍ＾２，水体交换利用金属网或船壳凿孔。养殖船具有向大尺度，高造价和废旧船舶利用以及简易化，低成本演变的趋势。安装减流阻渣设施和改进网箱设置方法     

西北干旱区典型绿洲盐生植被群落特征及多样性研究

本文以西北干旱区典型绿洲-渭干河-库车河三角洲为主要研究区域,运用数量生态学的方法对盐生植被群落特征及物种多样性进行了分析.结果表明:以梭棱为单优势种的群落Ⅳ具有最高的优势度指数(C)和最低的丰富度指数(R)、多样性指数(H')和均匀度指数(E),群落结构最为简单;以骆驼刺为优势种和梭棱为主要伴生种的群落Ⅱ具有较高的多样性指数和均匀度指数,但优势度指教较低,结构相对稳定;而以柽柳和梭梭为共优势种的群落Ⅰ具有最高的物种丰富度和中等水平的优势度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,群落中物种数较多,群落结构较为复杂;以芦苇和骆驼剌为共优势种的群落Ⅵ,其物种丰富度指数和物种多样性指数,物种优势度指数和物种均匀度指数水平居中;以柽柳为主要优势种的群落Ⅲ和Ⅴ,其物种丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指教和均匀度指数则属于中等偏上水平,群落结构稳定.