Effect of antioxidant supplementation on free radical scavenging system and immune response in lindane treated scabies patients

The scabicide, lindane induces oxidative stress and immunological alterations. The present study was undertaken to assess the ameliorative effects of antioxidant supplementation in lindane treated scabies patients. Scabies patients were treated with either 1% lindane or 1% lindane along with antioxidant (Lycored or Vitamin-E). Oxidative stress and immunological parameters were evaluated in blood samples and compared with healthy controls. Lindane caused a significant increase in malonedialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), which was attenuated by anti-oxidant therapy. The IL-1α levels were significantly enhanced in scabies patients per se and remained unaffected after lindane/anti-oxidant treatment. The TNF-α and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction levels were not significantly different in all the groups. Topical application of lindane induces significant free radical generation and may cause immunological alterations which can be reversed by antioxidant therapy.     

Antioxidant role of propolis extract against oxidative damage of testicular tissue induced by insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats

Pesticides induce oxidative stress leading to generate free radicals and alternate the antioxidant or oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme system. This study was conducted to investigate the oral toxicity of chlorpyrifos toward male rat and the oxidative stress of the sub-lethal dose (9 mg/kg; 1/25 LD₅₀) on the lipid peroxidation level (LPO), reduced glutathione content (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes; catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities of testicular tissue. Also, the protective effects of propolis extract (50 mg/kg b.w.) alone or in combination with chlorpyrifos were investigated. The oral administration of chlorpyrifos significantly caused elevation in LPO level by 1.79-fold as compared to control. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, SOD, GPx and GST were decreased significantly (23.66%, 27.75%, 29.13% and 11.52%) as well as the level of GSH decreased by 21.97% in testicular tissue as compared to control animals. Co-administration of propolis extract with chlorpyrifos or alone in male rats decreased LPO level, normalized CAT, SOD GPx and GST activities, while GSH content was increased in testicular tissue. We conclude that propolis extract significantly reduces chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress in rat testis and the protective effect of the pre-treatment with propolis extract as attenuating agent could be due to its antioxidant properties.     

镉长期暴露对中华稻蝗抗氧化机制的影响

采用生长于Cd2＋污染条件下的小麦苗喂养中华稻蝗的慢性染毒方法,研究了Cd2＋胁迫对中华稻蝗SOD、CAT、GPx活性和H2O2浓度的影响。结果表明,在Cd2＋的作用下,中华稻蝗体内SOD、CAT、GPx活性和H2O2浓度均发生变化,表明Cd2＋可导致中华稻蝗体内产生ROS。SOD、CAT、GPx3种酶对Cd2＋有一定的耐受性：当Cd2＋浓度在这3种酶的耐受范围内,酶活性提高,反之酶活性降低。Cd2＋与抗氧化系统间的关系复杂,SOD、CAT、GPx共同承担清除ROS、保护中华稻蝗的重要作用。     

镉在虾夷扇贝的沉积及对GPx、GST的影响

为了解海洋重金属污染物镉(Cd)在虾夷扇贝体内鳃、消化腺组织中的沉积规律及对其抗氧化防御系统的影响,将虾夷扇贝置于不同Cd浓度污染的水环境中,观察其镉的累积及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的变化规律。结果显示,鳃、消化腺中最大Cd沉积分别出现在10d,0.2mg·L-1胁迫组(鳃,134.20μg·g-1)和14d,0.1mg·L-1胁迫组(消化腺,109.20μg·L-1),两组织Cd的浓度累积均随胁迫浓度的增加而升高;鳃、消化腺组织GSH-Px活性随胁迫浓度的升高、胁迫时间的延长均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且后者GSH-Px活性显著高于前者;鳃、消化腺组织GST活性在胁迫浓度为中低浓度时(0.05mg·L-1、0.1mg·L-1),呈现先升高后下降趋势,但高浓度胁迫下(0.2mg·L-1),均在短时间内表现出明显的抑制。不同浓度的Cd随时间及胁迫浓度的增加可在虾夷扇贝体内出现明显累积,GPx、GST可作为虾夷扇贝Cd污染的生物标志物。     

镉对中间球海胆性腺脂质过氧化的影响

研究了不同浓度的镉离子对中间球海胆Strongylocentrotus intermedius性腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果显示:低浓度的镉能激活海胆性腺SOD、CAT和GPx的活性,但随着镉离子浓度的增加和时间的延长,3种酶活性都受到不同程度的抑制;各试验组MDA的含量显著高于对照组.说明镉能引起海胆性腺脂质过氧化损伤.     

GPx5在内蒙古绒山羊附睾中的表达

为研究GPx5在内蒙古绒山羊附睾中的表达模式,对初情期、体成熟期、老龄期3个生殖生理阶段绒山羊附睾及睾丸中的GPx5从mRNA和蛋白水平进行了检测。结果显示各生殖生理阶段绒山羊睾丸中均未见GPx5表达,附睾中均有GPx5表达。各生殖生理阶段附睾表达区域及表达量存在差异:初情期,GPx5 mRNA和蛋白主要表达于附睾头部;体成熟期,附睾各区域GPx5 mRNA和蛋白的表达量极显著高于其他阶段,附睾起始部和附睾头部为主要表达区;老龄期,GPx5 mRNA和蛋白主要表达于附睾头部,但较体成熟期明显减少。免疫组化定位显示GPx5蛋白主要分布于附睾上皮细胞,而且各年龄阶段绒山羊附睾腔内精子上都有明显的GPx5阳性信号。研究表明绒山羊附睾GPx5的表达区域及表达量变化与动物生殖生理阶段直接相关。     

Fenthion induced-oxidative stress in the liver of adult rats and their progeny: Alleviation by Artemisia campestris

Fenthion (FEN) is an organophosphate insecticide used in both agricultural and urban areas throughout the world including Tunisia. Recent investigations have proved the crucial role of natural antioxidants to prevent the damage caused by toxic compounds. In this study, we investigated the role of Artemisia campestris (Ac) leaf powder in protection against oxidative damage and hepatotoxicity induced by fenthion in female rats and their pups. Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: group I served as controls which received standard diet, group II received orally FEN 551 ppm, group III received both 551 ppm of FEN and experimental diet (5% Artemisia) and group IV received experimental diet (5% Artemisia). Oral administration 551 ppm of FEN by drinking water to adult rats caused hepatotoxicity as monitored by the increase in the levels of hepatic markers enzymes (transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), as well as hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels thus causing a drastic alteration in antioxidant defence system. Particularly, the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased by FEN. These biochemical alterations were accompanied by histological changes marked by leucocytes infiltration, sinusoidal dilatation (moderate peliosis), granuloma inflammatory disorders and necrosis in hepatocytes of dams. While, slight leucocytes infiltration was shown in pups. Treatment with Ac prevented the liver damage induced by FEN, as revealed by inhibition of hepatic lipid peroxidation accompanied by an improvement of liver histopathological changes, CAT and GPx activities except GSH and SOD which were not modified. It could be concluded that A. campestris is promising a protective agent against hepatotoxicity during the exposure to fenthion.     

Fluoride-induced brain damages in suckling mice

In order to reveal mechanisms of brain damages resulted from fluoride toxicity, we treated adult female mice of Swiss Albinos strain by 500 ppm NaF (226 ppm F⁻) in their drinking water from the 15th day of pregnancy until the day 14 after delivery. All mice were sacrificed on day 14 after parturition. During treatment, levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the marker of lipid peroxidation extend, increased, while the activities of the antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the level of glutathione (tGSH) decreased significantly in both cerebellum and cerebrum compared with those of the control group. These results suggested that fluoride enhanced oxidative stress in the brain, thereby disturbing the antioxidant defense of nursing pups. In addition, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in both cerebellum and cerebrum was inhibited after treatment with fluoride. In our previous studies we have found, a decrease in plasma thyroid hormone levels of nursing pups whose mothers were treated by NaF. In cerebellum of mice, migration of neurons from the external granular layer to the internal granular layer occurred postnatally and was dependent upon the presence of thyroid hormone. In hypothyroidism, several neurons failed to complete their migration and died. Key guidance signals to these migrating neurons were provided by laminin, an extracellular matrix protein fixed to the surface of astrocytes. In the present study we examined the expression and distribution of laminin in cerebellum of 14-day-old mice. Immunoreactive laminin was disappeared by postnatal day 14 in cerebellum parenchyma of control pups and was restricted to vasculature despite the continued presence of granular cells in the external granular layer. In contrast, in cerebellum of NaF treated pups, laminin was deposited in organised punctuate clusters in the molecular layer. These data indicated that the disruption of laminin distribution might play a major role in the profound derangement of neuronal migration observed in cerebellum of NaF treated pups.     

Study on Insecticidal Activities and Effect on Three Kinds of Enzymes by 5- Aminolevulinic Acid on Oxya chinensis

Insecticidal activities and effects on three enzymic activities caused by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on Oxya chinensis were studied. Fourth-instar nymphs of O. chinensis were treated with different doses of ALA (A 1,250 mM; A2, 450 mM; A3,750 mM; A4, 1 000 mM). Mortality and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determinated. The mortality of O. chinensis rose with an increasing dose of ALA. The mortality of high-dose treatments A3 and A4 reached 66.19 and 80.21%, respectively. The value of LD50 was 3.61 (3.29-3.93) mg g-1 body weight (95% confidence interval). Biochemical studies showed that the activities of AChE and GPx in the A4 treatment declined by 51.53 and 42.82% in the female, and 42.65 and 43.85% in the male compared to the control, respectively, and the degree of decline reached a significant level at P < 0.05. Meanwhile, the GSTs activities of O. chinensis enhanced with increasing dose of ALA. The GSTs activities of female and male O. chinensis in the A4 treatment remarkably increased by 171.05 and 97.42% compared to the control (P < 0.05). ALA had an obviously toxic effect on O. chinensis. Moreover, ALA caused the photoinactivation of AChE and GPx, which induced nerve transmission blocking and the capability to defend oxidation damage declining. Meanwhile, a high dose of ALA could activate GSTs, which caused a feedback inhibition of the insect to the phototoxic substance.     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸对中华稻蝗（Oxya chinensis）的杀虫活性及对3种酶活性的影响

 【目的】研究5-氨基乙酰丙酸（5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA）对中华稻蝗（Oxya chinensis）的杀虫活性及对3种酶活性的影响。【方法】以中华稻蝗4龄若虫为试验材料,用不同剂量的ALA（A1：250 mmol•L-1;A2：450 mmol•L-1;A3：750 mmol•L-1;A4：1 000 mmol•L-1）处理中华稻蝗,观察其对中华稻蝗的毒性效应和对其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）活性的影响。【结果】不同剂量ALA处理组中华稻蝗死亡率依处理剂量呈现上升趋势,高浓度处理组A3、A4的死亡率分别达到66.19%和80.21%;LD50值为3.61（3.29～3.93）mg•g-1虫重（95%置信范围）。生化研究结果显示,最高浓度A4处理组雌、雄虫体内AChE活性分别较对照组下降了51.53%和42.65%,差异显著（P＜0.05）;GPx活性分别较对照组下降了42.82%和43.85%,差异显著（P＜0.05）。同时,中华稻蝗GSTs活性随ALA处理剂量升高而增高,A4处理组雌、雄虫体内GSTs活性分别较对照组升高了171.05%及97.42%,差异显著（P＜0.05）。【结论】ALA对雌、雄中华稻蝗均有明显的毒性效应;ALA可引起AChE和GPx光失活,从而导致中华稻蝗神经传导受阻同时抵御氧化损伤的能力下降;高剂量ALA激活GSTs,可引发昆虫对光毒性物质的自身反馈抵御反应。