不同育肥及屠宰体重对杂交商品猪生长性能及胴体肉品质的影响研究

试验研究了不同育肥及屠宰体重对试验猪的生长性能及胴体肉品质的影响,结果显示:育肥结束体重在85~110kg阶段对试验猪的日增重和饲料报酬影响不显著;屠宰体重对试验猪的屠宰率、pH值和肌内脂肪影响显著;采用综合选择指数就不同育肥及屠宰体重对试验猪的影响进行综合评定,结果表明,试验猪体重在85~90 kg结束育肥并屠宰时育肥性能及胴体肉品质的综合选择指数最大。     

Transmission of classical swine fever virus within herds during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands

In this paper, we describe the transmission of Classical Swine Fever virus (CSF virus) within herds during the 1997–1998 epidemic in the Netherlands. In seven herds where the infection started among individually housed breeding stock, all breeding pigs had been tested for antibodies to CSF virus shortly before depopulation. Based upon these data, the transmission of CSF virus between pigs was described as exponential growth in time with a parameter r, that was estimated at 0.108 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.060–0.156). The accompanying per-generation transmission (expressed as the basic reproduction ratio, R₀) was estimated at 2.9. Based upon this characterisation, a calculation method was derived with which serological findings at depopulation can be used to calculate the period in which the virus was with a certain probability introduced into that breeding stock. This model was used to estimate the period when the virus had been introduced into 34 herds where the infection started in the breeding section. Of these herds, only a single contact with a herd previously infected had been traced. However, in contrast with the seven previously mentioned herds, only a sample of the breeding pigs had been tested before depopulation (as was the common procedure during the epidemic). The observed number of days between the single contact with an infected herd and the day of sampling of these 34 herds fitted well in the model. Thus, we concluded that the model and transmission parameter was in agreement with the transmission between breeding pigs in these herds.

Because of the limited sample size and because it was usually unknown in which specific pen the infection started, we were unable to estimate transmission parameters for weaned piglets and finishing pigs from the data collected during the epidemic. However, from the results of controlled experiments in which R₀ was estimated as 81 between weaned piglets and 14 between heavy finishing pigs (Laevens et al., 1998a. Vet. Quart. 20, 41–45; Laevens et al., 1999. Ph.D. Thesis), we constructed a simple model to describe the transmission of CSF virus in compartments (rooms) housing finishing pigs and weaned piglets. From the number of pens per compartment, the number of pigs per pen, the numbers of pigs tested for antibodies to CSF virus and the distribution of the seropositive pigs in the compartment, this model gives again a period in which the virus most probably entered the herd. Using the findings in 41 herds where the infection started in the section of the finishers or weaned piglets of the age of 8 weeks or older, and of which only a single contact with a herd previously infected was known, there was no reason to reject the model. Thus, we concluded that the transmission between weaned piglets and finishing pigs during the epidemic was not significantly different from the transmission observed in the experiments.     

Changes in hormones, growth factor and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs fed betaine

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary betaine supplementation on carcass characteristics, hormones, growth factor and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs. Forty-eight crossbred barrows and gilts (Seghers × Seghers × Duroc) weighing about 55 kg were divided into two groups, each with three replicates of eight pigs (four barrows and four gilts) per replicate, and fed corn–soybean meal basal diets supplemented with 0 and 0.125% betaine for 42 days. At trial termination, two pigs (one barrow and one gilt) weighing about 90 kg were selected from each replicate and slaughtered for analyses. The results showed that betaine increased carcass lean percentage and longissimus muscle area by 5.19% (P < 0.01) and 17.85% (P < 0.01), respectively, and decreased carcass fat percentage and average backfat thickness by 13.07% (P < 0.01) and 10.30% (P < 0.05), respectively. Serum growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and insulin levels in pigs fed betaine were elevated by 45.61% (P < 0.01), 55.50% (P < 0.01), 57.95% (P < 0.01), 51.80% (P < 0.01) and 42.34% (P < 0.05), respectively. Fatty acid synthase activity in the 10th rib subcutaneous adipose tissue was decreased by 24.35% (P < 0.05) with betaine supplementation, whereas hormone-sensitive lipase activity was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, serum free fatty acids concentration in betaine-fed pigs was 25.75% higher compared to controls (P < 0.01). The study suggested that betaine could induce changes in hormones and growth factor in finishing pigs, and therefore could inhibit fat synthesis through reducing lipogenic enzymes activities and promote fat degradation by increasing hormone-sensitive lipase activity, with a resultant decrease in adipose tissue mass and improvement in carcass characteristics.     

Surface deterioration of wood-flour polypropylene composites by weathering trials

The market for wood-fiber plastic composites (WPCs) is expanding rapidly in many countries including Japan, where WPCs are mainly used for exterior products. In such applications, WPCs undergo undesirable color change, chalking, and shrinkage and swelling, and accordingly there is a need to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the weathering of WPC and develop methods of improving their weathering resistance. In this study, weatherability of WPC was assessed by natural and accelerated weathering trials. Discoloration (whitening) of WPC during exposure was caused by degradation of both wood and plastic. Darker color pigments as additives improved the color stability of WPC; however, chalking on the surfaces still occurred. The color stability of WPC was improved by application of exterior coatings. Preweathering of WPC (before coatings were applied) increased the absorption of coatings by the WPC and had a positive effect on the color stability and prevented chalking of the composites. Parts of this study were presented at the IUFRO XXII World Congress Meeting, Brisbane, August 2005 and the IAWPS 2005, Yokohama, November 2005     

瘦肉型三元杂交生长育肥猪日粮蛋白质主要必需氨基酸配比试验

试验选用体重30 kg和60 kg的杜长大三元杂交生长育肥猪各48头,各阶段随机分为4组(生长猪试1、2、3、4组,育肥猪试5、6、7、8组),每组12头,分别喂给蛋白模型1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8日粮。结果表明,生长猪以试验Ⅰ组平均日增重最高,分别比试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组高4.08%、7.33%、14.47%;试验Ⅱ组的料重比最低,分别比试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组低0.40%、11.70%、8.46%,能量转化效率最高,分别比试验Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组高2.5%、10.06%、6.62%,PER最高,分别比试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组高10.25%、9.80%、10.25%;育肥猪以试验Ⅶ组日增重最高,分别比试验Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ组高6.69%、9.23%、8.32%;料重比以试验Ⅴ组最低,分别比试验Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ组低8.55%、3.89%、4.71%;DE转化效率以试验Ⅴ组最高,比试验Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ组分别高7.68%、3.15%、3.71%,PER最高,分别比试验Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ组高8.95%、4.02%、4.02%。综合考虑,生长猪日粮蛋白质模型以日粮2、育肥猪以日粮5较为理想。     

N-甲基D,L-天冬氨酸对肥育猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响

本试验以杜长大肥育猪为试验对象 ,研究了N 甲基D ,L 天冬氨酸对其生长性能和胴体品质的影响。结果表明 ,在日粮中添加 50mg/kgN 甲基D ,L 天冬氨酸使肥育猪 ( 1 )日增重提高 9.31 % (P <0 .0 1 ) ,饲料转化率提高 7.1 6 % (P <0 .0 2 ) ;( 2 )胴体瘦肉率提高 6 .53% (P <0 .0 1 ) ,脂肪比率降低 1 1 .76 %(P <0 .0 1 ) ,背膘厚降低 1 9.72 % (P <0 .0 1 ) ,眼肌面积提高 2 1 .0 1 % (P <0 .0 4 ) ;( 3)背最长肌、股二头肌和半膜肌重量分别增加 1 1 .3% (P <0 .0 1 )、1 0 .0 9% (P <0 .0 1 )和 1 4 .4 4% (P <0 .0 1 )。     

不同复合酶制剂对肥育猪生长性能的影响

试验选用72头100日龄,体重在44kg左右的三元杂交(杜×长×大)商品代瘦肉型肥育猪,完全随机分为3个组(A、B、C),每个组24头,设三个重复。A组中,饲料中加入国产复合A酶;B组中,饲料中加入国产复合B酶;C组中,饲料中加入罗酶宝TM。经过30天的饲养试验,结果表明:①B、C两组肥育猪的日增重比A组分别提高0.81%、5.50%,C组比B组日增重提高4.65%;②C组肥育猪料重比比A组提高3.53%,C组料重比比B组提高2.59%,B组料重比比A组提高0.96%;③经济效益,C组比A、B两组分别提高8.59%、5.99%;④试验全期,三个处理组的腹泻率均极低。     

从营养角度探讨不同蛋白浓缩料对肉牛育肥效果和胴体性状的影响

采用单因子设计,按照组间体质量和年龄相近原则,将48头周岁以内和体质量相近(383.9kg±38.0kg)的杂交肉牛随机分为4个试验组,探讨不同蛋白浓缩料对肉牛育肥效果、血液生化指标和胴体性状的影响。试验肉牛饲喂4组饲料,分别来自添加量相同的自配蛋白浓缩料和3种商品蛋白浓缩料。结果显示,经过120d育肥试验,饲喂高能量的饲料可提高肉牛体质量的增量、改善料重比和降低单位增量的饲料成本(P0.05,P0.01),且肉牛宰前活体质量、胴体质量、屠宰率和净肉率呈上升趋势,但差异均不显著(P0.05),饲料氨基酸高质量分数似乎有提高净肉率趋势;饲喂高能量和高氨基酸的肉牛背膘厚、眼肌面积大、骨质量小、肉块质量高,并表现出良好的肉色亮度和红色值(P0.05);饲喂低能量和低氨基酸的肉牛除获得最差的育肥性能和胴体性状外,血清碱性磷酸酶活性和甘油三酯浓度最高,血液尿素氮浓度最低(P0.05,P0.01)。说明,能量是肉牛体质量增量的重要因子;与蛋白质比较,饲料中氨基酸的质量分数对净肉和肉块产量更为敏感;高能量和高氨基酸有助于改善肉牛胴体肉色。     

Herd-level risk factors for subclinical Salmonella infection in European finishing-pig herds

Our objective was to find herd factors associated with pigs testing seropositive for Salmonella. Data were collected from 359 finishing-pig herds in Germany, Denmark, Greece, The Netherlands and Sweden, between 1996 and 1998. Pigs fed non-pelleted feed (dry or wet) had 2- and 2.5-times lower odds of seropositivity, compared to pigs fed pelleted feed. The protective effect of non-pelleted feed over pelleted feed may be ascribed to the structure and composition. Also, pigs that were given whey (to drink or as the liquid part of the diet) had 2.6-times lower odds to test seropositive than pigs not getting whey. Pigs produced in batches in herds with hygienic-lock facilities had >3-times lower odds for testing seropositive compared to pigs in herds where only one or neither factor was present. In herds where the caretaker(s) washed hands consistently before tending to the animals, pigs had 1.5-times lower odds of seropositivity than pigs in herds where the caretaker did not. Pigs which were able to have snout contact with pigs in neighbouring pens (because pen separations were either open or too low) had 1.7-times higher odds to test seropositive compared to pigs for which such contact was prevented. Pigs in herds recruiting from more than three supplier herds had three-times higher odds to test seropositive than pigs in herds which breed their own replacement stock or recruit from a maximum of three supplier herds.     

架子牛育肥精料配方筛选

试验研究了4种不同的精饲料配方对架子牛进行育肥。结果表明,试验 、 和 组日增重分别高于试验 组174g(P<0.01)、295g(P<0.01)和66g(P<0.01),试验 、 和 组之间日增重差异不显著(P>0.05)。从日增重、投入产出综合分析, 组经济效益最高,依次是 组和 组。