The Humus Content and Soil Biological Properties as a Function of Organic and Mineral Fertilization

There is a growing recognition for the need to develop sensitive indicators of soil quality that reflect the effects of land management on soil and assist land users in promoting sustainability of agro-ecosystems. Three soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, phosphatase and invertase) microbial biomass as biological variables and soil organic matter content (SOM) were investigated relative to fertilization and soil fertility (estimated by crop yield) at a long-term fertilization trial (Keszthely, Hungary). 0-34.7-69.4-104.1t farmyard manure (FYM) ha m 1 5 yr m 1 and the corresponding amount of mineral fertilizers (NPK) were applied in two different crop rotation systems. There were four straw and/or stalk incorporating treatments in the second crop rotation 'B'. Enzyme activities, microbial biomass and the amount of SOM were generally higher in the fertilized soils than in the unfertilized soils. The type of amendments (mineral, FYM or mixed) had significant effects only on the amount of SOM. The correlations among the biological variables and the crop yield were generally low (r < 0.250. The differences in field management resulted only in the invertase activity.     

Developments in soil microbiology since the mid 1960s

Since the 1960s, soil microbiology underwent major changes in methods and approaches and this review focuses on the developments in some selected aspects of soil microbiology. Research in cell numbers of specific bacterial and fungal groups was replaced by a focus on biochemical processes including soil enzyme activities, and flux measurements of carbon and nutrients. Ecologists focused on soil microbial pools whereas soil microbial biomass as an important source and sink of nutrients were recognized in agriculture. Soil microbiologists started to use structural components like phospholipid fatty acids for quantification of specific microbial groups without the need to cultivate them. In the last decade, molecular approaches allowed new insights through the analysis of soil extract DNA showing an unexpected diversity of genomes in soil. At the end of the review a brief outlook is given on the future of soil microbiology which ranges from in situ identification of bacteria, to routine assays of microbial communities by microarray technology.     

Effect op foliar sprays of sulphuric acid with and without elemental sulphur in the prevention of chlorosis In Peanut (Arachis hypogaea. L.)

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted on an alkaline calcareous soil of Agronomy farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Udaipur to study the effect of sulphur on crop yield, leaf elemental composition, chlorophyll synthesis and activities of haematin enzymes. Application of elemental sulphur 21 days before planting with and without 0.1 per cent foliar sprays of H₂SO₄. increased crop yield by 137 to 197 per cent. Application of all these treatnents had no effect on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of leaves but sulphur content was signficantly increased. Iron content of green leaves was decreased significantly 4 to 5 times together with an increase in the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. Chlorosis in these soils appears to be on account of a reduced physiological availability of iron after absorption.     

Effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig diets on odour and ammonia emissions

A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction between cereal type (wheat vs. barley) and exogenous enzyme supplementation (with or without) on odour concentration and ammonia emissions in grower–finisher pigs. The enzyme supplement used contained Endo-1, 3 (4)-β-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) and Endo-1, 4-β-xylanase (E.C 3.2.1.8). The diets were formulated to contain similar levels of digestible energy and lysine. The experimental treatments were as follows: (1) wheat-based diet, (2) wheat-based diet containing a β-glucanase and β-xylanase mixed enzyme supplement, (3) barley-based diet and (4) barley-based diet containing a β-glucanase and β-xylanase mixed enzyme supplement. The diets were offered to the pigs for 4 weeks and this was repeated 4 times (n = 4). Odour and ammonia emissions were measured on days 9, 11, 14, 16, 21 and 23 of each experimental period. Odour samples were collected in 20-litre Nalophan bags and analysed for odour concentration using an ECOMA Yes/No Olfactometer. Ammonia concentrations were measured using Dräger tubes. There was a cereal × enzyme interaction in odour emission rates (P < 0.05) and in ammonia emissions (P < 0.01). The addition of an enzyme supplement increased odour emissions and had no effect on ammonia emissions in the barley-based diet. The enzyme supplementation had no effect on odour but decreased ammonia emissions in the wheat based diet.     

In vitro protein digestion, and growth of Atlantic salmon with different trypsin isozymes

Growth and in vitro digestion was examined in three iso-trypsin phenotypes (patterns 1, 2 and 2) of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Fish grew equally well during the 128 day experiment irrespective of phenotype. At day 64 and 91, weight-specific growth rate of 2 phenotype animals were significantly lower (p < 0.05). At the end of the experiment, significant differences (p < 0.05) were noted between groups with respect to size. An in vitro method was used to examine protein digestion by the different trypsin phenotypes. Three fish meals (FM I > FM II > FM III) of high, medium and low quality, as defined by chemical analyses, were used. Phenotype 1 was able to differentiate between three fish meals ranking FM I > FM II > FM III. In contrast, phenotypes 2 and 2 were not able to separate between meals. In vitro digestion efficiency was dependent upon the three salmon types, ranking phenotype 2 > 1 = 2.     

香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌株BS11抗真菌活性物质的研究

[目的]对枯草芽孢杆菌BS11抗真菌活性物质进行研究,为该菌株的进一步开发应用提供参考。[方法]比较了枯草芽孢杆菌BS11在LB和NB培养基上的生长情况,比较了3种方法提取该菌株活性物质的效果,并探讨了该菌株的最佳培养条件。[结果]以香蕉枯萎病菌为指示菌,发现拮抗菌在LB和NA 2种不同培养基中有很明显的差别,LB培养基中生长繁殖速度快,但上清液活性很低,NA培养基中繁殖速度较慢,上清液活性却较好;乙醇沉淀法和乙酸乙酯萃取法均不能提取到活性物质,硫酸铵沉淀法基本上可将活性物质提取出来;BS11最佳的培养条件为初始p H7,温度30℃,通气量60 ml;发酵上清液有蛋白酶、纤维素酶活性,但没有几丁质酶活性。[结论]枯草芽孢杆菌BS11株所产的抗真菌活性物质具有性质稳定、广谱、易于提取等优点,为其应用于植物病害防治提供了理论依据。     

不同发育时期月鳢消化酶活性的研究

对月鳢(Channa asiatica)稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的主要消化酶活性及分布进行了研究。结果表明,随着鱼体的发育和生长,月鳢消化系统各器官组织的各种消化酶活性逐渐增强,尤其是蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的增强更为明显。月鳢幼鱼蛋白酶活性以肠组织最大、肝胰脏次之、胃组织最小,且肠组织和肝胰脏中该酶活性显著高于胃组织;胰蛋白酶活性以肝胰脏最大,胃组织和肠组织均表现较小;淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均以胃组织最大,且显著大于肠组织和肝胰脏。月鳢成鱼蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和后肠粘膜组织最高,前肠粘膜和肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜最低;胰蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和前肠粘膜最高,胃粘膜组织次之,肝胰脏小于胃粘膜,后肠粘膜组织的胰蛋白酶活性最小;淀粉酶活性以后肠粘膜组织和中肠粘膜组织最大,肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜组织和前肠粘膜组织最小;脂肪酶活性以胃粘膜组织最大,其它器官组织该酶活性均表现较小。     

梨果实发育过程中石细胞团及几种相关酶活性变化的研究

以梨品种西子绿、菊水及砀山酥梨为试材,对不同发育时期梨果实石细胞团的密度、大小及几种相关酶的活性变化进行了研究。结果表明石细胞团的分布密度在幼果期较高,以后随着果实的发育和膨大,密度逐渐减小,接近成熟前1个月左右基本稳定;石细胞团的直径随果实的生长而逐渐变大;苯丙氨酸解氨酶在果实发育初期表现出较高的活性,随着果实的生长逐渐降低,花后75d后保持低水平不变;过氧化物酶活性高峰出现稍迟于苯丙氨酸解氨酶,高峰后呈现出下降的趋势;多酚氧化酶活性波动较大,总的变化趋势逐渐下降。品种间苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶活性与石细胞团的形成之间表现为正相关。     

Variations in soil chemical properties and microbial biomass in artificial gaps in silver fir stands

Changes in soil chemical and microbiological parameters in small (185 m²) and medium (410 m²) gaps, created in mature silver fir (Abies alba Mill) stands (mean height 30 m) in the Calabrian Apennines (Southern Italy), were studied over 2 years. Medium gaps had high soil temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance and low soil moisture. Within small gaps we detected a greater amount of organic matter, with respect to under canopy cover sites and medium gaps. Moreover, a different trend of the organic matter between small and medium gaps was observed. In the medium gaps, with respect to under canopy cover sites and small gaps, we found a relatively low content of organic matter, associated to a lower amount of humic acid, which suggested that the organic substrate undergoes a mineralization rather than a humification process. An opposite trend was observed in small gaps, where the increase of organic matter content, associated to an increase of humic acid and microbial biomass, suggested a better humification process. Moreover, in small gaps the highest level of urease and the greatest fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis were observed. The different trend of organic matter observed in small and medium gaps may be related to changes in the environmental conditions. PAR transmittance, significantly higher in medium gaps, contributed to increase soil temperature and decrease soil moisture, affecting soil microbial populations and organic matter trend. These results suggest that the creation of small gaps represents the silvicultural practice with minor environmental impact.     

苯甲酸和肉桂酸对番茄幼苗根部保护酶及膜质过氧化的影响

研究了苯甲酸和肉桂酸对番茄幼苗根部保护酶及膜质过氧化的影响.以珍珠岩作为基质,通过施加不同浓度的苯甲酸和肉桂酸研究在番茄苗期,不同浓度自毒物质主要成分对其根部超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)的影响.结果表明:两种物质的作用与其浓度和作用时间密切相关,不同浓度的苯甲酸和肉桂酸都促进了MDA含量的增加,其中以10 mmol/L的苯甲酸在第20天时促进作用最为明显;不同浓度的苯甲酸和肉桂酸在处理后的第5天使SOD的活性显著升高,但是从第10天开始苯甲酸促进作用减弱,5 mmol/L和10 mmol/L的苯甲酸转为抑制作用,而肉桂酸则在第20天转为抑制作用;两种自毒物质使POD的活性在处理后的第5和第10天显著高于对照水平,并且低浓度促进作用明显大于高浓度,但是在第20天急剧下降;不同浓度的苯甲酸和肉桂酸使CAT的活性在处理后的第10天达到最高,但是在第20天完全低于对照水平.可见,苯甲酸和肉桂酸的施用打破了番茄根部保护酶系统原有的平衡,造成了根系的膜质过氧化.