高原地区肉鸡能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率测定及其方法的研究

采用经典全收粪代谢试验方法和Sibald强饲快速法，在青海省西宁地区测定了爱拔益加肉仔鸡的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率，并对肉用公鸡和蛋用公鸡的代谢率进行了比较。结果表明，高原地区肉用公鸡生长期（29-60日龄）的能量、氮和氨基酸代谢率随日龄的增加而降低；日粮能量、蛋白水平对其能量代谢率无影响，对氮和氨基酸代谢率有影响。35-38日龄和57-60日龄期间，肉用公鸡的能量代放率和总氨基酸代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡；4-5月龄肉用公鸡的表观能量代谢率显著低于蛋用公鸡。未去盲肠公鸡对豆粕、肉骨粉、脱毒菜籽饼的氨基酸表观和真代谢率高于去盲肠鸡；公鸡去盲肠后对低纤维素日粮中的消化率影响较大；内源物矫正对鸡代谢试验测定结果具有可靠性和精确性。用体外胃蛋白酶法测定的三种蛋白质饲料的氨基酸代谢率与体内法具有较好的回归关系。     

重组减蛋综合征病毒KnobS干酪乳杆菌的构建与表达

以干酪乳杆菌为传递载体,以开发食品级安全的减蛋综合征病毒疫苗为目标,构建了一个温度敏感型自杀型质粒系统p ORZP-UKD。将该质粒电转化到干酪乳杆菌L.casei中,经过2次升温处理和5-氟尿嘧啶抗性筛选,挑选阳性克隆,采用PCR和SDS-PAGE方法进行鉴定。KnobS基因整合到干酪乳酸杆菌基因组内,并实现融合蛋白KnobS的分泌表达。表明得到了一株具有无任何选择性标记、携带有KnobS表达盒元件的基因组整合的重组干酪乳酸杆菌KnobSΔupp L.casei,且整合的外源基因能够随着细菌的复制而进行表达,为减蛋综合征病毒免疫保护性抗原KnobS疫苗的进一步研制提供了试验数据。     

基于多信息融合的疫苗制备中鸡蛋胚体分拣系统

采用多信息融合方法研究疫苗制备中鸡蛋胚体状态的识别与分拣技术。在研究不同状态鸡蛋胚体图像特征、温度衰减和透光度变化情况的基础上,得出活胚图像中血管多、粗且呈放射状,弱胚图像中血管少、细且断裂,死胚图像内部均匀无血管,污染胚图像内部有明显黑块特征;鸡蛋胚体从37.8℃的孵化箱中取出置于25℃室温环境,活胚、弱胚、污染胚、死胚的温度衰减速度依次增大;活胚的透光度随孵化时间增加而逐渐降低,其他胚体透光度变化相对较小。将图像、温度、透光度信息特征融合,建立BP神经网络信息融合模型对鸡蛋胚体状态进行识别。最后,从37.8℃孵化箱中抽取80枚孵化6 d的鸡蛋胚体放置于室温10 min后,采集图像、温度和透光度信息,进行试验验证。结果表明多信息融合系统的识别准确率为96.25%,比单用图像、温度和透光度传感器进行识别的准确率分别提高了6.25%、13.75%和8.75%。     

Effects of emulsified versus saline administration of GnRHa on induction of ovulation in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The effects of saline-dissolved or Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA)-emulsified GnRHa treatment on the induction of ovulation in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were examined. The FIA-emulsified GnRHa was first diluted in 0.25 ml physiological saline and then mixed with an equal volume of FIA. Fish were selected in the beginning of the spawning season and were allocated into four groups and were treated intraperitoneally with (a) 0.5 ml of emulsified GnRHa (GnRHa–FIA), (b) 0.5 ml saline-dissolved GnRHa in a single injection (GnRHa-1), (c) 0.5 ml saline-dissolved GnRHa in two injections spaced 1 d apart (GnRHa-2) and (d) 0.5 ml of saline (Control). The GnRHa dose in all hormone treatments was 25 µg kg^− 1. All fish in the FIA–GnRHa and GnRHa-2 groups ovulated within 10 and 11 d after treatment, respectively. In contrast, only 75% in the Control fish and 60% of the fish in the GnRHa-1 group ovulated within 36 d after treatment. None of the treatments caused any pre- or post-spawning mortality in the broodstock. Fertilization, eyeing and hatching percentages of the produced progeny were normal in all the treatment groups and did not differ significantly among them. In conclusion, FIA-emulsified GnRHa can be effective in advancing the onset of and synchronizing the ovulation of rainbow trout within a two-week period, thus shortening the egg collection period, without affecting broodstock survival and egg quality.     

Biochemical composition and quality of captive-spawned cobia Rachycentron canadum eggs

Interest in the commercial production of cobia Rachycentron canadum continues to rise as additional insight is gained into the hardy and fast growing nature of this species. However, research regarding the biochemical composition of captive-spawned eggs and egg and larval quality remains scarce. Such data is essential as a common bottleneck to production is a steady supply of fingerlings for grow-out. This study quantified the biochemical composition and quality of cobia eggs produced over 2 spawning seasons by broodstock on a traditional ‘trash fish’ diet which is commonly fed to tank spawning cobia. Throughout the study, batch fecundity, proportion of floating eggs and percent hatch averaged > 1 million eggs,  0.8 and 70%, respectively. Batch fecundity was significantly higher during the second spawning season as a result of the increased size of the females which weighed 18/22 kg and 22/26 kg at the beginning of each season. A positive correlation was found between the proportion of floating eggs and hatch rate for both spawning seasons. No correlations were found between egg composition (total lipid (30.0 ± 1.1% dry wt), protein (25.4 ± 2.2% dry wt), carbohydrate (2.4 ± 0.3% dry wt), vitamin E (10.2 ± 0.6 μg/g wet wt) or dry weight (119.1 ± 5.5 μg/egg)) and egg quality (proportion of floating eggs, hatch rate, larval growth and larval survival). Further, no differences in egg composition were noted between seasons or over the course of each season. The fatty acid composition of cobia eggs varied between seasons possibly due to changes in the quality of frozen feed (fish, shrimp, squid) given to the broodstock. The only correlation between the fatty acid profile and egg quality was a decrease in the proportion of floating eggs as the total amount of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids increased. No relationship between egg quality and amino acid content was noted with the most prominent amino acids being glutamate, leucine, alanine, proline, lysine and aspartate nor were any differences detected between spawning seasons.     

Distribution of lipid droplets is an indicator for egg quality in brown trout, Salmo trutta fario

In the eggs of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario, lipid droplets are clearly visible beneath the oolemma on the surface of the protein yolk. When examining the distribution of lipid vesicles in egg batches of different quality, four categories of lipid vesicle distribution could be distinguished: In the first category, the lipid droplets were evenly distributed throughout the egg. These egg batches had a high quality (percentage of eggs developing to eyed stage embryos: 96.2 ± 5.2). Some lipid droplets had the tendency to coalesce in one pole of the egg in the second category. This coalescing of lipid droplets was accompanied with a reduction in egg quality to about 50% of the first category (% of eyed stage embryos: 40.6 ± 15.2). In the last two categories, the lipid droplets were mostly coalesced in one or two poles of the egg and the egg quality was very low (% of eyed stage embryos: 3.3 ± 2.9 and zero, respectively). In conclusion, examination of lipid droplets distribution, in brown trout, can distinguish between high and low quality eggs in an easy and reliable way.     

饲料中添加不同水平的维生素E对半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)亲鱼繁殖性能及后代质量的影响

在饲料中分别添加0、200、1200 mg/kg的维生素E(DL-α-生育酚乙酸脂形式)配制成Ec、El和Eh三种试验饲料,饲喂3龄半滑舌鳎亲鱼(雌性1.58±0.19 kg/尾、雄性0.20±0.05 kg/尾)70 d,探讨饲料中添加不同水平的维生素E对半滑舌鳎亲鱼繁殖性能的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加1200 mg/kg的维生素E(Eh组)不仅可以促进亲鱼性腺的发育,提高亲鱼产卵量、浮卵率、受精率、孵化率以及初孵仔鱼长度,而且影响仔鱼质量,仔鱼的成活率、12 d仔鱼长度、生存活力等方面均要高于对照组。而饲料中添加200 mg/kg的维生素E(El组)只对亲鱼性腺的发育和初孵仔鱼长度有一定的促进作用,对亲鱼产卵量、浮卵率、受精率、孵化率没有显著影响(P>0.05)。随饲料中维生素E的增加,血清中SOD的活性显著升高(P<0.05),MDA含量则显著下降(P<0.05)。此外,El和Eh试验组卵中干物质、维生素C的含量,以及卵子脂肪酸中PUFA、n-3PUFA、n-3HUFA和n-6PUFA的含量均要高于Ec组,El和Eh试验组之间的没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,在半滑舌鳎亲鱼饲料中添加适量维生素E会亲鱼促进性腺的发育,增加产卵量,提高卵子和仔鱼的质量。在本试验中Eh组(1200 mg/kg)亲鱼的繁殖性能要优于Ec组(0 mg/kg)和El组(200 mg/kg)。     

黄瓜砧木对南方根结线虫生长发育的影响及其与根系分泌物的关系

黄瓜是设施主栽蔬菜,长期连作导致根结线虫病发生和危害加重;嫁接是提高黄瓜对根结线虫抗性的有效手段,但不同砧木品种间存在差异。为探明嫁接提高黄瓜抗根结线虫能力的机制,试验选用不同抗性的砧木品种‘云南黑籽南瓜’(低感)和‘甜砧南瓜’(高感),以‘新泰密刺’自根黄瓜为对照,采用人工接种,研究了黄瓜砧木对南方根结线虫生长和繁殖的影响,并探讨了根系分泌物与线虫卵孵化的关系。结果表明:线虫侵染初期,3个品种根内的二龄幼虫(J2)数差异显著,‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少,‘甜砧南瓜’次之,‘新泰密刺’最多;侵入根内的J2均能正常发育为成虫,根内线虫总数以‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少,‘新泰密刺’最多;根际J2数量以‘新泰密刺’最多,‘云南黑籽南瓜’最少;发生二次侵染前,根际卵粒数呈现出相同的特点。黄瓜及其砧木根系分泌物明显影响根结线虫卵的孵化,孵化率以‘云南黑籽南瓜’最低,‘甜砧南瓜’次之,‘新泰密刺’最高;接种根结线虫后,根系分泌物影响下的卵孵化率较未接种时明显增加,‘新泰密刺’增幅最大,‘云南黑籽南瓜’增幅最小;随着生育时间延长,三者根系分泌物对卵孵化的促进作用逐渐增强。低感砧木根系分泌物对南方根结线虫卵孵化具有明显的抑制作用,可显著降低线虫在其根内及根际的发育,可能是抗线虫的机制之一。     

米蛾(Corcyra cephalonice)成虫产卵及卵发育对温度的响应

明确温度与米蛾成虫生殖和卵发育的关系并进行模式化表达,为人工智能规模化繁育米蛾及利用其卵进行天敌昆虫的繁殖提供科学依据。在室内5个恒温条件下(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃)测定米蛾卵的发育历期、孵化进度、孵化率及成虫产卵量、产卵动态、寿命等。结果显示,米蛾卵在15℃条件下停滞发育(不能孵化),在20~35℃的温度范围内,卵的发育历期与温度呈负相关,卵的发育速率总体趋势符合Logistic曲线模型V=0.25/[1+exp(5.06-0.24t)](R=0.9993,F=358.06,P=0.0373),孵化率与温度的关系符合二项式关系模型y=1/[0.0144+526644.37exp(-t)](R=0.9471,F=26.14,P=0.0145),在试验温度范围内,米蛾成虫单雌产卵量有随着温度升高呈现先增加后降低的趋势,且米蛾单雌产卵量(y)与温度(t)的关系符合二项式模型y=-2.38t2+128.42t-1383.58(R=0.9941,F=84.28,P=0.0117),成虫寿命亦随着温度的升高逐渐缩短。米蛾雌虫产卵适宜温度范围是25~30℃,最适温度为26.98℃,卵发育的适宜温度范围是20~30℃,最适温度为26.90℃。