Digestion of lipids and carbohydrates from microalgae (Chaetoceros muelleri Lemmermann and Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T‐ISO) in juvenile scallops (Pecten maximus L.)

The digestion of laminaran and neutral lipids from the microalgae Chaetoceros muelleri or mixtures of C. muelleri and Isochrysis galbana clone T‐ISO in 4‐mm scallops Pecten maximus were studied. The microalgae were cultivated at fixed low and high growth rate (5% and 60% of μ_max). The cultivation method clearly affected the lipid and carbohydrate contents, as well as their enzyme activity. Chaetoceros muelleri and T‐ISO grown at low growth rate exhibited a considerably higher content of lipids and carbohydrates than those algae grown at high growth rate. The specific activity of laminaranase and neutral lipase was the highest in C. muelleri grown at the low growth rate. Growth rate of scallops was best when they were fed a mono‐species diet of C. muelleri grown at low growth rate. The growth rate of the scallops was positively correlated to the dietary carbohydrate content as well as to the specific activity of neutral lipase and laminaranase in the diet. The capacity to digest carbohydrates (laminaran) might be limiting for the young scallops, and the content of carbohydrates and enzymatic activities of laminaran in the diet should be considered when formulating an optimal diet, both when the diet consist of live microalgae and formulated diets.     

不同贮藏温度下大菱鲆品质变化及货架期预测模型的建立

为探究大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)在不同贮藏温度下品质特性与货架期的关系,将大菱鲆贮藏在-3℃、0℃、4℃、10℃和15℃温度下,测定其感官品质、挥发性盐基总氮(TVB-N)、菌落总数、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)、电导率的变化,并且观测肌肉的微观结构;采用低场核磁共振技术(Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)分析鱼肉中水分迁移状况,并且建立了TVB-N及菌落总数与贮藏时间和温度的动力学模型。研究发现,随着贮藏时间的延长,5种不同贮藏温度下鱼肉中不易流动水均减少,货架期终点各贮藏温度下的样品相对于新鲜鱼肉,其肌纤维结构均由紧密变得疏松;TVB-N和菌落总数变化预测模型中的活化能和指前因子分别为79.50、75.07 kJ/mol和1.3×10^14、7.62×10^12。选用10℃进行验证性试验,结果显示实测值与预测值相对误差在10%以内。因此,可根据TVB-N值及菌落总数对大菱鲆贮藏在-3℃~15℃的货架期进行实时预测。     

Edwardsiellosis in farmed turbot,Scophthalmus maximus (L.), associated with an unusual variant of Edwardsiella tarda: a clinical,aetiological and histopathological study

During 2005 and 2010, a survey of edwardsiellosis on eight turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), farms was conducted in China. This report presents the detailed results of the study on this disease. Diseased turbot displayed two distinct types of gross signs: black discoloration of the dorsal skin on the posterior portion of the body; and red cutaneous foci on the ventral side. Internally, the most pronounced clinical signs in all fish examined were enlarged kidneys. The causal agent of the disease was finally proved to be one species of bacterium that was identified as Edwardsiella tarda by physiological and biochemical tests, API 32E and 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. It is noteworthy that unlike the commonly described E. tarda strains, the isolates in this study were non‐motile strains without flagella. A histopathological study revealed that E. tarda infection was systemic in turbot and that kidney showed the most significant pathological changes, including acute focal necrosis, an influx of macrophages and formation of granuloma. The most common histopathological characteristics of this disease are the proliferation of macrophage in various organs and formation of granuloma. In addition, this article also gave background information on the disease and presented the results of virulence tests with the E. tarda strain identified in this study.     

养殖大菱鲆肠道中大菱鲆弧菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

2014年11月,大连地区某大菱鲆养殖场发生病害并伴有死亡,主要症状为吻部下颌明显出血,腹腔积水,肝脏充血,肠道出血有白便。从患病大菱鲆肠道中分离出1株可在硫代硫酸盐—柠檬酸盐—胆盐—蔗糖琼脂培养基上生长的菌株HZ-C1,人工回接感染试验证明其对健康大菱鲆具有较强致病性。通过形态学观察、16SrDNA序列同源性分析及生理生化试验确定菌株HZ-C1为大菱鲆弧菌。药敏检测结果显示,大菱鲆弧菌HZ-C1对氯霉素、丁胺卡那及头孢曲松等11种抗生素敏感,但对青霉素、四环素及诺氟沙星等15种抗生素耐药。本研究为大连地区养殖大菱鲆细菌性病害防治提供了一定病原学依据。     

一种吻蛭类大鱼蛭在大菱鲆鱼体上的感染

在山东省威海崮山育苗场发现大菱鲆成鱼及幼鱼鱼体感染寄生虫，受感染的鱼由于处于感染初期，并经过及时的处理，所占比例较低。病鱼症状为鱼体体色变黑、瘦弱、离群、不摄食甚至死亡。寄生虫寄生于大菱鲆的体表及鳃部，虫体黑褐色，全长40～50mm。经鉴定，该寄生虫属于环节动物门(Annelida)，蛭纲(Hirudinea)，吻蛭目(Rhynochobdellida Blanchard)，鱼蛭科(Piscicolidae Johnson)，鱼蛭属(Piscicola Blainville)，大鱼蛭(Pisciola magna Yang)。     

养殖大菱鲆肠炎病的流行病学和病原学研究

[目的]肠炎病是目前大菱鲆养殖行业中比较常见的疾病之一,该病感染率高,传播迅速。[方法]从山东半岛3个不同的养殖厂肠炎病发病大菱鲆体内分离致病菌,对其进行了常规生理生化特征测试和16S rRNA基因序列对比研究。[结果]从发病大麦鲆体内共分离到了株优势细菌。理化特征分析结果显示这3株菌中有2株分别与溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和大菱鲆弧菌(Vibrio scophthalmi)表型特征非常相似,另1株细菌被证实为非弧菌属的细菌,具体定种尚需进一步研究。分析这2株弧菌属细菌的16S rRNA基因序列并构建了系统发育树,结果表明这些菌株与溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和大菱鲆弧菌(Vibrio scophthalmi)的亲缘关系最近。[结论]从发病大菱鲆体内分离菌株的2株细菌被鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)和大菱鲆弧菌(Vibrio scophthalmi)。     

盐度和温度对大菱鲆幼鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用两因素交叉分组的方法,研究了温度和盐度对大菱鲆Scophthalmus maximus幼鱼行为活动、摄食、存活情况以及体表黏液、血液、鳃、肝脏中抗氧化酶活力的影响.结果表明:水温(17、20、23、25、28℃)和盐度(5、10、20、30、40)对大菱鲆幼鱼摄食、死亡率有显著影响(P＜0.05),在水温为17、20℃与盐度为20、30的组合条件下,大菱鲆幼鱼的摄食积极性以及存活率较高,显著高于其他组(P＜0.05);温度和盐度对大菱鲆幼鱼SOD、CAT与GP-X活力有显著影响(P＜0.05);当温度一定,盐度变化的条件下,肝脏、鳃、血清和黏液中的各种酶活力在正常海水盐度(30)时活力较低,并随盐度由30起降低或升高而均出现升高的趋势;当盐度一定,温度变化的条件下,随着水温的升高,各组织中的酶活力变化规律不显著;通过分析温度与盐度交互作用对各组织不同酶活的变化以及生命表征现象,得出了最适生存阈值,即大菱鲆幼鱼的适宜生活水温为17～20℃,适宜生活盐度为20～30.     

The importance of manual white blood cell differential counts and platelet estimates in elephant hematology: blood film review is essential

Unique features of elephant hematology are known challenges in analytical methodology like two types of monocytes typical for members of the Order Afrotheria and platelet counts of the comparatively small elephant platelet. To investigate WBC differential and platelet data generated by an impedance-based hematology analyzer without availability of validated species-specific software for recognition of elephant WBCs and platelets, compared to manual blood film review. Blood samples preserved in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) of 50 elephants (n = 35 Elephas maximus and n = 15 Loxodonta africana) were used. A Mann-Whitney test for independent samples was used to compare parameters between methods and agreement was tested using Bland-Altman bias plots. All hematological variables, including absolute numbers of heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets, were significantly different (p < 0.0001) between both methods of analysis, and there was no agreement using Bland-Altman bias plots. Manual review consistently produced higher heterophil and monocyte counts as well as platelet estimates, while the automated analyzer produced higher lymphocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts. The hematology analyzer did not properly differentiate elephant lymphocytes and monocytes, and did not accurately count elephant platelets. These findings emphasize the importance of manual blood film review as part of elephant complete blood counts in both clinical and research settings and as a basis for the development of hematological reference intervals.     

胆汁酸对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪代谢酶及血清生化的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%及0.12%的胆汁酸,配制5组等氮等能的实验饲料(D1、D2、D3、D4、D5),投喂体质量为26.5 g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼56 d,研究胆汁酸对其生长、体组成、脂肪代谢酶活力及血清生化的影响。结果显示:(1)实验鱼的增重率、特定生长率、蛋白质效率及脂肪效率呈先升后平稳的趋势,均在D3组达到最高值。(2)胆汁酸显著降低了全鱼粗脂肪及粗灰分含量,提高了粗蛋白含量(P0.05);降低了肌肉粗脂肪含量,提高了粗蛋白及粗灰分含量(P0.05)。(3)脂肪酶及脂蛋白脂酶活力呈先升后平稳的趋势;肝脂酶活力显著升高(P0.05)。(4)胆汁酸降低了血清谷丙转氨酶及谷草转氨酶活力,提高了碱性磷酸酶活力(P0.05);总蛋白及白蛋白的含量随胆汁酸含量的增加而升高(P0.05);甘油三酯、总胆固醇及高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量随胆汁酸含量的升高而下降(P0.05)。(5)鳗弧菌感染48 h后,D3、D4及D5组的累积死亡率显著低于D1组。以增重率为评价指标,经折线回归分析,体质量26.5 g的大菱鲆幼鱼饲料中胆汁酸的适宜添加量为0.09%。