Morphological, structural, and functional characterization of the haemocytes of the scallop, Argopecten irradians

Argopecten irradians is one of the most important commercial species of Pectinidae family in China. The internal defense system of mollusks consists of circulating haemocytes. In order to characterize the haemocytes of the scallop A. irradians, light and electron microscopical studies were carried out. Four types of haemocytes were recognized: type I small hyalinocytes (2.38 ± 0.08 μm, 30-35%), type II large hyalinocytes (4.41 ± 0.33 μm, 15-20%), type III small granulocytes (4.15 ± 0.26 μm, 20-25%), and type IV large granulocytes (8.26 ± 0.52 μm, 25-30%). Granulocyte types showed smaller N/C ratios than hyalinocytes. The mean haemocyte concentration was about (3.75 ± 0.65) × 10⁷ cells ml^− 1 of haemolymph. Among haemocytes, 44.7% are granular and 55.3% are agranular. These gave a relatively systematic classification scheme for haemocytes of A. irradians. Three types of granules were identified: type I, with high electron-density; type II, with low electron-density; and type III, with a middle level of electron-density, based on TEM studies. Different haemocyte types were not separated with DDGC of Percoll in this study. Both granulocytes and hyalinocytes showed a phagocytic response to the two strains of bacteria, Escherichia coli and RLOs. The phagocytic ability of granulocyte was significantly higher (41-48%) than that of hyalinocyte (9.2-11.2%).     

Recruitment of catarina scallop (Argopecten ventricosus) larvae on artificial collectors off the NE coast of the Gulf of California

We evaluated recruitment of larvae of catarina scallop, Argopecten ventricosus, in the area of Puerto Peñasco, NE Gulf of California. We moored artificial collectors in six sites from June 2007 to August 2008 and replaced them every 2 months. We used monthly (July 2002–September 2011) sea surface temperature (SST, °C) and surface chlorophyll‐a concentration (SSChl, mg m^?3) Aqua/MODIS satellite data to describe seasonal environmental behaviour study area. Also, we recorded bottom temperature at each site every 4 h, and every 2 months measured sea surface salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen. We used a repeated measures anova to evaluate differences in the number of recruited spat between main factors, and analysed the presence of multimodal spat shell size frequency distributions. Overall, spat recruitment was negatively correlated with seawater temperature and showed higher spat recruitment abundances throughout winter, which is the season with the highest surface chlorophyll a concentration. We estimated multimodal shell size frequency distributions characterized by more than one modal size. The natural collection of A. ventricosus spat on artificial collectors in the area can be successfully performed over a protracted period (November–December to May–June). Our results extend the area where collection of A. ventricosus spat can be successful.     

饲料中脂肪水平对海湾扇贝性腺发育、脂肪酸组成和组织结构的影响

为了探讨配合饲料及其脂肪含量对海湾扇贝性腺发育、脂肪酸组成和组织结构的影响,在基础饲料中通过梯度添加鱼油（质量分数为0%、3%、6%和9%）配置4种脂肪质量分数为7%、10%、14%和17%的等氮饲料（质量分数为47%粗蛋白）,分别记为F7、F10、F14和F17,并以小新月菱形藻（Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima）作为对照组,试验在室内1 000 L的水槽中进行,每种饲料随机投喂3组扇贝[初始体质量为（40.79±1.70） g],每个重复30只,试验周期30 d。结果显示：饲料中脂肪含量未显著影响扇贝死亡率（P>0.05）,对照组死亡率显著低于各个饲料处理组（P<0.05）。性腺指数（gonadosomatic index,GSI）随着饲料脂肪含量增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,在F14组GSI达到最高,与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）,显著高于初始时期（P<0.05）。性腺中雌性部分含水量F10组最高,显著高于F17组（P<0.05）;雄性部分各处理组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。性腺中雌性部分粗脂肪含量显著高于雄性部分（P<0.05）。性腺中脂肪酸的含量PUFA>MUFA>SFA,饲料中脂肪含量显著影响性腺中SFA、MUFA、n-3PUFA、DHA和EPA的含量（P<0.05）,当饲料中脂肪含量为14%或17%时达到最高值。性腺组织切片可见,各个处理组卵母细胞和精原细胞充满整个滤泡腔,滤泡密集,滤泡之间无空隙。由此可得出,配合饲料替代部分单胞藻饲喂海湾扇贝,可使其性腺发育至育苗要求,饲料中脂肪质量分数为14%时可以代替部分单胞藻饲喂海湾扇贝促进性腺发育。     

Crosses between two subspecies of bay scallop Argopecten irradians and heterosis for yield traits at harvest

In order to improve the yield of bay scallop Argopecten irradians by exploiting geographic subspecies heterosis, crosses between and within two subspecies, the northern A. i. irradians (Lamarck) and the southern A. i. concentricus (Say), were created and the offspring were cultured under the same environmental conditions. The two parental populations were collected from Bohai Bay in northern China and Beibu Bay in southern China, which were distinct in particular shell colours. The results indicated that the shell colour of bay scallop was inheritable and could be used as a morphological mark to distinguish hybrid and purebred individuals. At harvest, hybrid offspring always produced a significantly higher yield than purebred offspring. Positive heterosis was achieved for shell length, shell height, shell width, total weight and adductor weight, which was 5.02, 5.22, 3.88, 7.53 and 9.47 respectively. Hybrid gain was 10.86% for shell length, 10.48% for shell height, 9.77% for shell width, 34.90% for total weight and 41.69% for adductor weight, respectively, and all were significantly >5%. The present study reveals that it is effective for improving yield by hybridization between different geographic subspecies in the bay scallop.     

海湾扇贝对海水中镉的富集规律研究

本文利用原子吸收分光光度法研究镉暴露实验中海湾扇贝不同器官组织富集、排放镉的过程及影响因素。水体中镉通过被动扩散进入海湾扇贝鳃,根据吸附等温线并结合直线拟合结果得海湾扇贝鳃对镉的单层饱和结合量为2.12 μmol·g^-1 干重。鳃对镉的富集量和富集速率与水相中镉浓度成正相关关系,最高浓度组（2 μmol·L^-）的镉富集量和富集速率分别为(1.5±0.52) μmol·g^-1 干重和(0.375±0.13) μmol·（g·d）^-1。随着养殖时间的延长,海湾扇贝鳃、内脏和肌肉镉富集量逐渐增加,14 d（336 h）后,内脏和鳃中镉富集达到平衡,但肌肉中镉富集是否达到平衡,尚需进一步研究。盐度对海湾扇贝鳃、内脏和肌肉镉富集速率无显著影响（P>0.05）。富集在海湾扇贝体内的镉不断被排出,其中鳃的排放率最大,达到了38.3％,其次是内脏、肌肉。     

Comparison of early life history stages of the bay scallop, Argopecten irradians: Effects of microalgal diets on growth and biochemical composition

The culture of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, is limited by a reliable and affordable supply of spat and the ability to ensure that animals attain market size within a single growing season. The main goals of our study were thus: (1) to develop growth-optimizing algal diets for implementation in hatcheries, and (2) to identify and compare bay scallop postlarval and juvenile dietary requirements, especially of lipids and fatty acids, which if met may enhance production. Nutritional needs of postlarval bay scallops (present study) are compared with those of sea scallops, Placopecten magellanicus, offered the same diets in a previous companion study. To this end, postlarval (initial shell height, SH = 240 μm) and juvenile (initial SH = 10 mm) bay scallops were offered 6–7 microalgal diet combinations at 20 °C, for 3 weeks. A similar growth ranking among diets was observed between the two developmental stages. A combination diet of Pavlova sp. (CCMP 459) and Chaetoceros muelleri was far superior to any other diet tested, yielding growth rates of 58 and 357 μm day^− 1 which were 65% and 25% higher than the next highest performing diet of Tetraselmis striata/C. muelleri in postlarvae and juveniles, respectively. The T. striata/C. muelleri diet, which is limited in the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), yielded very poor growth of sea scallop postlarvae in a prior study, indicating that bay scallops may have less stringent requirements for DHA than sea scallops. The Pav 459/C. muelleri diet, which also supported the highest growth of sea scallop postlarvae, is characterized by elevated levels of the n-6 fatty acids, arachidonic (AA) in C. muelleri and 4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic (DPA) in Pav 459. The two diets deficient in AA and n-6 DPA, Pavlova lutheri/Thalassiosira weissflogii and P. lutheri/Fragilaria familica, yielded the lowest growth rates in both bay scallop postlarvae and juveniles. Tissue enrichment of these two fatty acids relative to the diet, as well as overall enrichment in ∑n-6 fatty acids was observed across developmental stages and dietary treatments. A similar pattern has previously been observed in sea scallop postlarvae, suggesting a dietary requirement for n-6 fatty acids in pectinids that has often been overlooked in the past.     

几种养殖扇贝微卫星标记的研究进展

我国扇贝养殖规模占世界首位,栉孔扇贝( Chlamys farreri ) 、华贵栉孔扇贝( Chlamys nobilis ) 、虾夷扇贝( Patinopecten yessoensis) 和海湾扇贝( Argopecten irradians ) 是4 种主要养殖扇贝种类。本文主要概述我国4种主要养殖扇贝微卫星标记开发现状以及在遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建、物种鉴定等方面取得的研究成果和应用进展,为微卫星标记在扇贝类遗传学研究提供基础资料。     

利用地下海水进行海湾扇贝越冬的效果研究

把5cm以上海湾扇贝亲贝按43-50个／m^3密度吊养于水泥沉淀池,利用附近井水调温：使池水温度达4℃以上。越冬两个半月,成活率84％以上,而自然海区越冬贝成活率仅70％．升温促熟后．亲贝产卵孵化率60％以上,而自然海区越冬贝仅为15．1％。地下海水越冬贝的单位水体出苗量为505万粒／m^3和544万粒／m^3,而自然海区越冬贝出苗量仅有209万粒／m^3．证明利用地下海水调温,在沉淀池进行海湾扇贝亲贝越冬,效果明显,完全可行．     

海湾扇贝对柴油的富集与消除规律

采用半静态动力学富集实验方法,分别以石油烃、多环芳烃及含硫芳烃、烷烃为指标,通过分析海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)对轻柴油(–10#柴油)、重柴油的富集与消除规律,探讨柴油污染对海湾扇贝食用安全性的影响。实验结果表明:海湾扇贝体内石油烃、多环芳烃及含硫芳烃、烷烃含量与富集时间及水中石油烃浓度呈正相关。海湾扇贝不同组织对柴油的富集能力不同,累积量由高到低依次是内脏外套膜及鳃等其他组织闭壳肌。海湾扇贝对柴油的富集量与柴油的种类有关,相同条件下海湾扇贝对重柴油的富集量更高且消除速率比轻柴油慢,说明重柴油溢油污染对贝类质量安全的危害更大,更值得关注。受污染的扇贝移入清洁的海水中,体内的石油烃可以逐渐消除,消除速度要慢于富集速度。海湾扇贝对烷烃的富集倍数比多环芳烃低,消除速率比多环芳烃要快。海湾扇贝体内石油烃的消除主要是烷烃的贡献。受污染的海湾扇贝体内多环芳烃以2~3环为主,其消除速率比高环数多环芳烃快。受污染的海湾扇贝移入清洁的海水中,短时间内虽然石油烃残留量能下降至正常水平,但多环芳烃(尤其是高环数多环芳烃)残留仍会存在。因此建议在发生石油污染后,跟踪监测不仅要关注海水中石油烃,更要关注贝类体内石油烃,要将多环芳烃与石油烃的检测结果综合考虑。此外,出于食品安全考虑,食用扇贝时尽量去除内脏。     

海湾扇贝自交与杂交子代的生长 比较和通径分析

以海湾扇贝US和ME为亲本,建立了海湾扇贝自交UU、MM和杂交UM 3个试验组合,在养殖112、164天时测定生长参数并分析各养殖时期影响体重的主要因素.结果表明:在各养殖时期,杂交子代的壳高、壳厚以及体重均表现出生长优势(P<0.05),因此认为通过不同地理群体US和ME杂交方式来改善海湾扇贝性状是可行的;通径分析的结果表明,对于自交群体,体长是影响体重的主要影响因素,但对于杂交群体来说,壳高(112天)以及壳厚(164天)对体重的决定作用较大,因此对于该杂交群体的选育,应按照各性状对体重的具体决定系数选择各时期的优势性状,以使子代的杂种优势充分表现.