Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

河南豫北地区菜农的施药行为调查分析

对安阳市800户菜农农药施用行为进行调查,结果表明,安阳地区菜农合理使用农药的状况不容乐观,存在农药相关基础知识匮乏,农药使用相关法律法规知识率较低,对农药为害性认识不足,参加过无公害蔬菜生产技术等培训的农户比例低等问题。从指导菜农科学规范用药、加强无公害蔬菜生产技术培训、对蔬菜产品实行市场准入制度、加强农药市场监督执法力度等角度提出了可行性建议与对策。     

ICUN极危物种铁皮石斛可持续经营认证的思考

推动作为林产品的珍稀濒危物种可持续经营认证对于保护生物、生态环境的多样性、促进森林可持续经营具有重要意义。通过分析《雷斯法案》修正案对珍稀濒危物种可持续经营认证及国际贸易的影响,以ICUN极危物种铁皮石斛Dendrobiumofficinale为例,提出作为生产者要积极开展森林可持续认证,为产品开拓国际市场,同时对于珍稀濒危物种的生产要积极开展去濒工作,助力其国际市场的形成,推动森林认证市场驱动力的提升。     

《消费者权益保护法》与中国经济发展适应性探究——《消费者权益保护法》立法价值趋向探旨

随着中国经济的发展,《消费者权益保护法》的立法经济基础已经发生了很大的变化。与1993年相比,中国社会的经济发展状况突显出多样性、复杂性等特点。在这样的经济发展背景下,《消费者权益保护法》的立法价值趋向也应该有所调整,才能在最大程度上实现其立法之目的,以保护消费者的权益。文章拟从比较分析《消费者权益保护法》立法时的经济背景与现在的经济发展状况来寻求新的《消费者权益保护法》的立法价值趋向。     

Common Influences on the Success of Habitat Conservation Planning under the Endangered Species Act

Over half of the endangered species in the United States depend on private lands for habitat. In 1982, Congress amended the Endangered Species Act (ESA) to address the conservation of endangered species on private lands through the introduction of Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs). HCPs enable landowners to comply with the ESA and can foster creative partnerships between the federal government and local stakeholders. Researchers have investigated the scientifically biological merits of HCPs, but comparatively little attention has been given to social aspects despite an emphasis on stakeholder involvement in HCPs. We explore stakeholder perceptions of HCP development through 19 semi-structured key informant interviews. Findings include the influence of interpersonal themes, shared understanding and capacity on process outcomes, and the importance of the external context in which HCP development occurs. Our research highlights the central role of understanding social dimensions to achieve the desired outcomes from collaborative conservation planning processes.     

硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对连作草莓生长、果实产量及品质的影响

为了探索硅酸钾与生防放线菌配合施用对草莓连作障碍的修复效果,以"红太后"草莓为材料,采用日光温室栽培,研究了硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对连作草莓生长、果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明:(1)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对日光温室连作草莓具有明显的防病促生作用,可使连作3年草莓1级苗比例提高44.7%,3级苗比例下降58.3%,连作4年草莓死亡率降至0%;连作3年草莓植株总鲜重、根鲜重、叶片数及叶片鲜重分别增加73.7%、71.3%、11.1%及38.7%。(2)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施对草莓开花、果实产量及品质有明显影响,可使连作3年草莓开花提前10 d,花蕾数提高17.0%,果实数、单果鲜重及单株产量分别增加18.6%、90.6%及126.2%,盛果期草莓果实可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比及维生素C含量分别提高21.7%、36.2%及27.0%;可显著提高连作4年草莓单果鲜重和单株产量(P<0.05),增幅分别为194.7%和359.1%。(3)硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施可提高草莓的诱导抗性,草莓叶片可溶性蛋白含量和盛果期PPO酶活性分别提高67.4%和101.0%。由此可知,硅酸钾与密旋链霉菌Act12菌剂配施可显著促进连作草莓生长,提高果实产量及品质,增强植株抗病性,可有效缓解日光温室草莓连作障碍,在生产上具有较好应用潜力。     

伦敦海事仲裁中的费用担保制度

费用担保制度在伦敦海事仲裁中是一项用于维护可能胜诉的被请求人利益的十分重要的制度.1996年英国仲裁法顺应国际商事仲裁的发展趋势,对费用担保制度作出了重要的改革:取消了英国法院命令费用担保的权力,并将此项权力赋予仲裁庭.这无疑有利于促进伦敦海事仲裁中费用担保制度的高效运作,也更符合仲裁的本质和目的.     

Actinomycin V Induces Apoptosis Associated with Mitochondrial and PI3K/AKT Pathways in Human CRC Cells

Actinomycin (Act) V, an analogue of Act D, presented stronger antitumor activity and less hepatorenal toxicity than Act D in our previous studies, which is worthy of further investigation. We hereby report that Act V induces apoptosis via mitochondrial and PI3K/AKT pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Act V-induced apoptosis was characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, with loss of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and cytochrome c release, which then activated cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP, revealing that it was related to the mitochondrial pathway, and the apoptotic trendency can be reversed by caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Furthermore, we proved that Act V significantly inhibited PI3K/AKT signalling in HCT-116 cells using cell experiments in vitro, and it also presented a potential targeted PI3Kα inhibition using computer docking models. Further elucidation revealed that it exhibited a 28-fold greater potency than the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 on PI3K inhibition efficacy. Taken together, Act V, as a superior potential replacement of Act D, is a potential candidate for inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway and is worthy of more pre-clinical studies in the therapy of CRC.     

美国渔船准入制度及其对中国立法的启示

国家对内水、领海及其专属经济区的渔业资源享有主权权利。渔业捕捞的准入及对渔业可持续发展的责任促使国家对渔业捕捞实施必要的管理。美国渔业法对渔船实行准入制,从渔猎的工具视角对之实施渔业资源管理的立法理念及其具体措施,值得借鉴。     

蛋白核酸合成抑制剂对甜菜谷氨酰胺合成酶活性调控分析

在氮素诱导下,进行甜菜谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性的测定,筛选出最佳的氮素诱导处理,研究核酸合成抑制剂放线菌素D和蛋白合成抑制剂放线菌酮对GS在酶活水平上的表达调控。结果表明,NO3-:NH4+=80:20处理时,GS活性最高,并且在此处理下放线菌素D和放线菌酮均能抑制GS活性。说明甜菜GS的表达可能在转录水平和翻译水平上均受到调控。