Isolation and Characterization of a Yellow Xanthophyll Pigment-Producing Marine Bacterium,Erythrobacter sp. SDW2 Strain,in Coastal Seawater

Xanthophylls, a yellow pigment belonging to the carotenoid family, have attracted much attention for industrial applications due to their versatile nature. We report the isolation of a homo xanthophyll pigment-producing marine bacterium, identified as the Erythrobacter sp. SDW2 strain, from coastal seawater. The isolated Erythrobacter sp. SDW2 strain can produce 263 ± 12.9 mg/L (89.7 ± 5.4 mg/g dry cell weight) of yellow xanthophyll pigment from 5 g/L of glucose. Moreover, the xanthophyll pigment produced by the SDW2 strain exhibits remarkable antioxidative activities, confirmed by the DPPH (73.4 ± 1.4%) and ABTS (84.9 ± 0.7%) assays. These results suggest that the yellow xanthophyll pigment-producing Erythrobacter sp. SDW2 strain could be a promising industrial microorganism for producing marine-derived bioactive compounds with potential for foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.     

Validation of Xanthophyll Levels in Catfish Fillets Using Digital Photography

Catfish fillets with yellow coloration have become a prevalent problem for the catfish industry. This problem is due to the unacceptability in the market because the shift in fillet color is considered of lower quality by the consumers. To help the catfish industry better understand the yellow coloration of catfish fillet, a digital photography measurement method was developed to evaluate the yellowness. Sixty catfish fillets with a range of degrees of visible yellowness were taken directly from the processing line. The fillets were photographed in a light box with a digital camera. The photos were calibrated with the X-Rite ColorChecker standardized color target. CIELAB readings of the fillet photos were recorded, and the b* value was used to indicate the yellowness of catfish fillets. The xanthophyll levels of fillets were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography. The actual xanthophyll level in catfish fillet was calculated as the sum of lutein, zeaxanthin, and alloxanthin. A linear correlation was found between the LAB b* values and xanthophyll levels of the 60 catfish fillets.     

天然叶黄素对黄颡鱼生长性能和皮肤着色的影响

研究了天然叶黄素(源自万寿菊,含量为4.64％)的添加水平对黄颡鱼生长和皮肤着色效果的影响.在黄颡鱼基础饲料中,分别添加0％、0.15％、0.30％、0.60％、8.00％的受试物,在不影响饲料营养水平的基础上设计最高剂量组为可能摄入剂量组的10倍以上,经挤压熟化工艺加工后,实际检测叶黄素含量为未检出(检出限=0.5 mg/kg)、24.2、54.2、118.0、1 700.0mg/kg,依次命名为C、L24.2、L54.2、L118、L1700.饲养90 d后发现,添加天然叶黄素的4个剂量组的特定生长率和饲料效率、L24.2组的蛋白沉积率、L54.2组和L118组及L1700组的能量沉积率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).体侧和腹部皮肤的黄度(b*)和饱和度(C*)随饲料中天然叶黄素含量的增加而逐步升高,L118组可达到饱和,并与L1700组之间没有显著差异(P＞0.05),L118组和最高剂量组皮肤中黄色素过度沉积,并向肌肉中转移.皮肤中叶黄素的蓄积系数呈现先升高后下降的趋势,最高为76.25 mg/kg饲料.结果表明,24.2～1700mg/kg的天然叶黄素显著提高了初始体质量21 9的黄颡鱼的生长性能.天然叶黄素作为黄颡鱼皮肤着色剂的最适剂量为76.25 mg/kg饲料.     

饲料中添加不同形式叶黄素对杂交鲶体色的影响

通过在饲料中添加4种不同形式叶黄素考察其对杂交鲶(Silurus meridionalisChen×Silurus asotusLinnaeus)体色的影响。实验共分5个处理组,分别为基础饲料组(对照组)、添加普通叶黄素(以黄体素为主)200 mg/kg组、转化叶黄素(以玉米黄质为主)200 mg/kg组、包被普通叶黄素100 mg/kg组、包被转化叶黄素100 mg/kg组。以上述5种饲料分别饲喂平均体重为61 g的杂交鲶20 d。结果表明,各组生长指标无显著差异;各叶黄素添加组鱼体背部皮肤、腹部皮肤黄度值及皮肤、肌肉叶黄素含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),普通叶黄素组背部皮肤、腹部皮肤叶黄素含量较转化叶黄素组显著提高20.3%、11.3%(P<0.05);添加100 mg/kg包被普通叶黄素对杂交鲶的着色效果与200 mg/kg普通叶黄素几乎相当;添加100 mg/kg包被转化叶黄素对杂交鲶的着色效果不及200 mg/kg转化叶黄素。上述研究表明,普通叶黄素对杂交鲶的着色效果优于转化叶黄素;普通叶黄素经包被处理后,在饲料中的添加量降低50%便能达到相同的着色效果。     

高温强光下温州蜜柑光合机构运转与叶黄素循环和D1蛋白周转的关系

 以2年生温州蜜柑（Citrus unishiu Marc.）离体叶片为试材,利用叶绿素荧光探针、Western-blotting及抑制剂,研究了叶黄素循环、D1蛋白周转及电子传递在防御光破坏中的作用。结果表明,高温强光（40 ℃,2 000 mol • m-2 • s-1）处理30 min后,温州蜜柑叶片的初始荧光Fo显著升高,最大荧光Fm、非光化学猝灭系数NPQ、最大光能转化效率Fv/Fm及PSⅡ的量子产额ΦPSⅡ显著降低,同时,D1蛋白含量也大幅下降。用D1蛋白合成抑制剂林可霉素或叶黄素循环抑制剂二硫苏糖醇（DTT）饲喂叶片后,Fv/Fm、Fm、ETR（表观光合电子传递速率）、ΦPSⅡ和D1蛋白下降幅度增大,而且饲喂林可霉素的下降幅度大于饲喂DTT。使用电子传递抑制剂（DCMU）抑制叶圆片电子传递后,高温强光下Fo显著上升了78%,Fv/Fm和D1蛋白含量下降了33%和83%。这些结果表明,D1蛋白周转和叶黄素循环对温州蜜柑叶片光合机构光破坏有保护作用,而且D1蛋白周转的作用大于叶黄素循环,D1蛋白周转在一定程度上依赖于电子传递。     

Enhancement of Xanthophyll Synthesis in Porphyra/Pyropia Species (Rhodophyta,Bangiales) by Controlled Abiotic Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Red alga species belonging to the Porphyra and Pyropia genera (commonly known as Nori), which are widely consumed and commercialized due to their high nutritional value. These species have a carotenoid profile dominated by xanthophylls, mostly lutein and zeaxanthin, which have relevant benefits for human health. The effects of different abiotic factors on xanthophyll synthesis in these species have been scarcely studied, despite their health benefits. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify the abiotic factors that enhance the synthesis of xanthophylls in Porphyra/Pyropia species by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of the xanthophyll content found in the literature, and (ii) to recommend a culture method that would allow a significant accumulation of these compounds in the biomass of these species. The results show that salinity significantly affected the content of total carotenoids and led to higher values under hypersaline conditions (70,247.91 µg/g dm at 55 psu). For lutein and zeaxanthin, the wavelength treatment caused significant differences between the basal and maximum content (4.16–23.47 µg/g dm). Additionally, in Pyropia spp., the total carotenoids were considerably higher than in Porphyra spp.; however, the lutein and zeaxanthin contents were lower. We discuss the specific conditions for each treatment and the relation to the ecological distribution of these species.     

Pigment Composition of Nine Brown Algae from the Iberian Northwestern Coastline: Influence of the Extraction Solvent

Brown algae are ubiquitously distributed in the NW coastline of the Iberian Peninsula, where they stand as an underexploited resource. In this study, five solvents were applied to the extraction of pigments from nine brown algae, followed by their determination and quantification by HPLC-DAD. A total of 13 compounds were detected: Six were identified as chlorophylls, six were classified as xanthophylls, and one compound was reported as a carotene. Fucoxanthin was reported in all extracts, which is the most prominent pigment of these algae. Among them, L. saccharina and U. pinnatifida present the highest concentration of fucoxanthin (4.5–4.7 mg∙g⁻¹ dry weight). Ethanol and acetone were revealed as the most efficient solvents for the extraction of pigments, showing a maximal value of 11.9 mg of total pigments per gram of dry alga obtained from the ethanolic extracts of H. elongata, followed by the acetonic extracts of L. ochroleuca. Indeed, ethanol was also revealed as the most efficient solvent according to its high extraction yield along all species evaluated. Our results supply insights into the pigment composition of brown algae, opening new perspectives on their commercial exploitation by food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries.     

Temperature integration of Hederahelix L.: Quality aspects and growth response

Reducing energy use in greenhouses contributes to the profitability of horticulture. Important energy savings can be realized through the use of temperature integration. However, such a greenhouse heating strategy is only acceptable for commercial purposes if there are no adverse effects on plant growth and quality. During this 3-month study, Hedera helix ‘Green Ripple’ and H. helix ‘Shamrock’ were subjected to a day/night temperature regime of 20/20 °C (control) and two treatments with temperature integration over 24 h and 4 d, respectively, based on a DIF of 13.5 °C, maintaining the average temperature at the same level of the control. Temperature treatments resulted in a promotion of stem elongation. After 3 months, shoot length rose up to maximum 37.3% when temperature integration was applied. However, temperature integration reduced total dry weight and particularly root dry weight was negatively affected. In addition, assessments of relative growth rate, shoot extension rate, specific leaf area, total leaf area and pigment concentrations were performed and it was concluded that dynamic temperature regimes with longer integration periods support commercial production of English ivy.     

NaCl和等渗PEG胁迫对桑树叶片光系统Ⅱ的影响

以桑树品种"秋雨桑"为试材,利用植物叶绿素荧光动力学技术,研究了等渗NaCl和PEG胁迫对桑树叶片光合作用的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的影响。结果表明:与对照(CK)比较,桑树叶片在150 mmol·L-1 NaCl和等渗17.1%PEG胁迫下均保持较高的PSⅡ反应中心活性,具有完善的光防御保护机制。寻找NaCl和等渗PEG对桑树叶片PSⅡ反应中心的伤害部位,发现4种抑制剂对2种胁迫条件下桑树叶片的光合作用位点不同,盐胁迫主要通过叶黄素循环途径,以及维持QA、QB间电子的正常传递来保护PSⅡ反应中心活性,而PEG胁迫下D1蛋白周转减弱伤害。