Phenological and physiological evaluation of first and second cropping periods of sorghum and maize crops

Environmental conditions influence phenology and physiological processes of plants. It is common for maize and sorghum to be sown at two different periods: the first cropping (spring/summer) and the second cropping (autumn/winter). The phenological cycle of these crops varies greatly according to the planting season, and it is necessary to characterize the growth and development to facilitate the selection of the species best adapted to the environment. The aim of this study was to characterize phenological phases and physiological parameters in sorghum and maize plants as a function of environmental conditions from the first cropping and second cropping periods. Two parallel experiments were conducted with both crops. The phenological characterization was based on growth analyses (plant height, leaf area and photoassimilate partitioning) and gas exchange evaluations (net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water-use efficiency). It was found that the vegetative stage (VS) for sorghum and maize plants was 7 and 21 days, respectively, longer when cultivated during the second cropping. In the first cropping, the plants were taller than in the second cropping, regardless of the crop. The stomatal conductance of sorghum plants fluctuated in the second cropping during the development period, while maize plants showed decreasing linear behaviour. Water-use efficiency in sorghum plants was higher during the second cropping compared with the first cropping. In maize plants, in the second cropping, the water-use efficiency showed a slight variation in relation to the first cropping. It was concluded that the environmental conditions as degree-days, temperature, photoperiod and pluvial precipitation influence the phenology and physiology of both crops during the first and the second cropping periods, specifically cycle duration, plant height, leaf area, net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and water-use efficiency, indicating that both crops respond differentially to environmental changes during the growing season.     

基于亲水相互作用液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法研究白茶萎凋过程中代谢物的变化

采用亲水相互作用液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法,对白茶鲜叶(F)和室内萎凋处理29 h(W)、53 h(P)的2个萎凋样进行了代谢物靶向检测,Quality control(QC)样本中共检测到111个代谢物,主要包括47种氨基酸及其衍生物、29种核酸类代谢物、12种维生素和辅酶、17种糖代谢物和6种甘油磷脂代谢物。与鲜叶F相比,萎凋叶W和P中显著增加的代谢物分别有39种和41种,其中共有代谢物35种;显著降低的代谢物分别有9种和11种,其中共有代谢物8种。显著变化代谢物分析结果表明,萎凋叶的细胞膜受损、DNA和RNA降解、氨基酸衍生物显著增加、糖代谢异常。根据代谢物含量的变化幅度和组成特异性,筛选了表征萎凋叶细胞膜生理状态和核酸、糖代谢的标志代谢物。此外,针对代谢物中氨基酸和核苷酸的组成特点,提出了研究氨基酸衍生物滋味特性的必要性和应用代谢谱分析建立萎凋工艺适度标准的可能性。     

烘烤凋萎期失水速度对烟叶质量的影响

凋萎期失水速度在烟叶质量的形成过程中具有重要作用,是影响烟叶质量的关键指标。为了优化烘烤工艺,寻找最佳的凋萎期失水速度,以秦烟96为试验材料,2014~2015年在甘肃陇南地区应用变频技术通过风量调节研究了烘烤凋萎期7组失水速度对烟叶质量的影响。试验结果表明,凋萎期失水速度控制在5~7 g∕(kg·h)之间,不但可以让未变黄的烟叶继续变黄,消除青烟,让已变黄的烟叶适度失水,同时降低了变黄后烟叶的水分含量,为烟叶定色创造了条件,有利于防止棕色化反应的发生。     

不同LED光质萎凋对白茶品质的影响

采用红光、黄光、绿光、蓝光和白光5种发光二极管(LED)光源开展白茶光照萎凋试验,以不照光处理为对照(CK).结果表明,光照组完成萎凋需要48 h,而CK组需要56 h.萎凋过程中白光组的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性出现一次高峰,其他组均出现两次,而CK组PPO活性高峰出现的时间比光照组滞后6 h.蓝光组毛茶的茶多酚含量为28.43%,低于其他5组(P0.01);黄光组的氨基酸含量最高(4.35%),CK组最低(3.96%);黄光和CK组的咖啡碱含量低于其他4组(P0.05);蓝光组的黄酮类化合物含量最高(9.04 mg·g-1).试验茶样共鉴定出44种香气成分,红光组有34种,黄光组37种,绿光组23种,蓝光组31种,白光组24种,CK组24种;香气总量大小为:蓝光组白光组黄光组红光组绿光组CK组,蓝光组(0.58 mg·g-1)是CK组(0.31 mg·g-1)的1.84倍.黄光组特有的香气物质有己醛和1-壬醇;同时,黄光组的(E)-2-己烯醛、橙花醇和苯乙醇含量比其他组高,香气表现为清香带花香.LED光照萎凋对白茶外形、香气和滋味影响明显,黄光和蓝光组的形态自然、色泽墨绿、香气清鲜、滋味醇和,且黄光组的香气和滋味均带愉悦花香;绿光和白光组的香气清纯,且绿光组的滋味醇厚;红光组的香气稍带青;而CK组的外形平贴、欠匀整,香气和滋味均带青.感官审评结果表明:光照组品质均优于CK组;综合评价黄光组的感官品质最佳.     

配体交换色谱手性流动相法拆分和定量茶氨酸对映体

建立了配体交换色谱手性流动相法拆分茶氨酸对映体的方法。采用Polaris C₁₈柱;流动相为L-脯氨酸：Cu²⁺（摩尔比）为2:1,Cu²⁺浓度为0.5βmmol/L,pH6.8,甲醇的加入体积比为2%;波长254βnm;流速0.9βml/min;柱温30℃。L-茶氨酸的进样量在0.09542βμg~4.241βμg范围内峰面积与进样量之间线性关系良好,回收率在97.45%~100.4%之间;D-茶氨酸的进样量在0.08486βμg~4.243βμg范围峰面积与进样量之间线性关系良好,回收率在97.07%~100.1%之间。该方法通用,准确。     

Microbial degradation and resynthesis of proteins during incubation of beech leaf litter in the presence of mineral phases

 Organic N constitutes more than 90% of total N in surface soil horizons. Amino acids, peptides and proteins represent the most abundant N species. There are indications that clay minerals influence the degradation of proteins, but little is known about the effect of oxides and hydroxides on protein decay. We therefore conducted an incubation experiment with mixtures of beech leaf litter and Fe oxide, Al hydroxide, Mn oxide or quartz sand. The protein amounts (quantified as α-NH₂–N) during the 498-day experiment were recorded. During the first 90–239 days, plant-derived proteins were decomposed, resulting in a decline of protein amounts to about 60% of the initial value. Later in the experiment, the protein amounts increased again to between 70% and 90% of the initial amount, because microbial resynthesis of proteins outweighed decomposition. The change from dominating decomposition to prevailing microbial resynthesis occurred when the microorganisms had to adapt to less favourable conditions and therefore built new, protein-rich biomass. Although the mineral phases did not influence protein decomposition initially, Fe oxide and Al hydroxide stabilized plant-derived proteins. Al hydroxide reduced protein resynthesis in the second phase of the experiment, probably due to a reduction of microbial activity. Mn oxide increased protein decomposition and lowered microbial resynthesis due to its oxidative properties. The mineral phases therefore resulted in a shift of the relative intensities of protein decomposition and microbial resynthesis. Received: 26 August 1998     

大机械作业对黑土区耕地土壤三相比与速效养分的影响

通过对收获和深松整地机械作业前后典型黑土区耕地土壤的三相比、速效N、P、K含量的测定和分析,揭示了机械作业对三相比与速效养分的影响,对科学指导机械作业、解决黑土资源的保护与开发利用之间的矛盾具有重要意义.研究结果表明:(1)将土壤三相作为一个有机整体置于二维三系图中分析土壤结构性状是探讨土壤三相比的一种新的、有效的方法手段,可以直观看出机械作业下土壤三相比的变化情况以及向理想结构逼近的趋势特征.(2)大机械作业后上层耕作区土壤三相比大幅逼近理想状态,对耕作区土壤结构的改良作用明显优于中机械作业,但大、中机械作业后下层非耕作区均表现出不同程度的积累压实作用.(3)大机械作业可以显著增加土壤速效磷的含量,提高幅度范围为20.07%～380.91%,并以深松作业对表层耕作区的影响最大.大、中机械作业均增加了土壤速效钾的含量,提高幅度分别为10.04%～20.61%和17.05%～27.52%.与速效磷和速效钾相比,土壤速效氮对机械作业的反应不敏感,除中机械作业对下层非耕作区的影响外,其余差异均未达到显著水平.     

Effects of water infiltration and storage in cultivated soil on surface irrigation

Surface irrigation analysis and design require the knowledge of the variation of the cumulative infiltration water Z (L) (per unit area) into the soil as a function of the infiltration time t (T). The purpose of this study is to evaluate water infiltration and storage under surface irrigation in an alluvial clay soil cultivated with grape yield, and to determine if partially wetted furrow irrigation has more efficient water storage and infiltration than traditional border irrigation. The two irrigation components considered were wet (WT) and dry (DT) treatments, at which water applied when available soil water reached 65% and 50%, and the traditional border irrigation control. Empirical power form equations were obtained for measured advance and recession times along the furrow length during the irrigation stages of advance, storage, depletion and recession. The infiltration (cumulative depth, Z and rate, I) was functioned to opportunity time (t_o) in minute for WT and DT treatments as: Z_WT = 0.528 t_o^0.6, Z_DT = 1.2 t_o^0.501, I_WT = 19 t_o^−0.4, and I_DT = 36 t_o^−0.498. The irrigation efficiency and soil water distribution have been evaluated using linear distribution and relative schedule depth. Coefficient of variation (CV) was 5.2 and 9.5% for WT and DT under furrow irrigation system comparing with 7.8% in border, respectively. Water was deeply percolated as 11.88 and 19.2% for wet and dry furrow treatments, respectively, compared with 12.8% for control, with no deficit in the irrigated area. Partially wetted furrow irrigation had greater water-efficiency and grape yield than both dry furrow and traditional border irrigations, where application efficiency achieved as 88.1% for wet furrow irrigation that achieved high grape fruit yield (30.71 Mg/ha) and water use efficiency 11.9 kg/m³.     

自然摊放萎凋工艺对柿叶茶品质改进的影响

以安溪油柿鲜叶为原料,研究室温自然摊放萎凋工艺对柿叶化学成分含量和柿叶茶品质的影响.结果表明:在杀青工序前增加萎凋工序,可明显减轻柿叶茶的青腥味,改进柿叶茶汤的滋味和香气,提高柿叶茶品质.萎凋增加了柿叶中的可溶性糖、游离氨基酸和水浸出物含量;但萎凋也降低了柿叶中的类黄酮、多酚和VC等活性成分的含量.本试验结果还表明,安溪油柿叶的最适萎凋时间为6 h,以该萎凋柿叶为材料,可以研制成一种色、香、味俱佳的柿叶保健茶.     

苹果幼树生长结果的系统化控技术研究

以不同年龄苹果幼树为试材,研究了几种植物生长调节物质对幼树营养生长、越冬抽条、花芽形成和座果的影响。结果表明,对定植当年和第二年的幼树,点涂含有细胞分裂素和微量元素的制剂——点枝灵软膏,可以定位促进当年生芽萌发抽梢,增加1～2次新梢发生量,从而促进幼树营养生长,使其迅速达到早结丰产所需的枝量(比对照至少早1～2年);对1～2年生幼树于早春2～3月喷施2次100倍防抽灵,可以防止苹果幼树越冬抽条,而对照抽条率达40%。应用烯效唑和刻芽环剥技术可以使苹果幼树适期成花或提早成花,而且达到丰产所需的成花数量。应用多效唑或烯效唑和果丰素技术可以明显提高苹果座果率(比对照增加约1倍)。