5种生物制剂对马铃薯种薯萌芽、极端天气下植株生长和产量性状的影响

旨在满足马铃薯生产中茬口衔接、机械化生产技术应用、不利气候下稳产等对马铃薯出苗早、齐、壮的需求,以‘费乌瑞它’为供试品种,用基于有益活菌或工程菌提取物的5种生物制剂进行种薯处理,对多重性状进行了对比分析。5种生物制剂较常规化学制剂,均能够不同程度地促进种薯萌芽和芽根同生,出苗期提前2~7天,播种后49天的出苗率提高3.33%~17.78%。其中,表现最好的为酵母核苷酸衍生物和VDAL,种薯萌发和生根均显著高于对照。霜冻后,生物剂拌种处理在恢复前期促进植株生长,由此促进恢复后期的块茎发育,较常规化学处理增产8.39%~24.03%,体现了不同程度的保产效果。多马道黑、酵母核苷酸衍生物、根肽和VDAL体现出较好的保产效果,可作为种薯处理剂投入马铃薯生产。     

Influence of the Indoleacetic Acid-Lysine Synthetase Gene (iaaL) of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi on Yield Attributes of Potatoes

The iaaL gene of Pseudomonas syringae subsp. savastanoi encodes an indoleacetic acid-lysine synthetase which conjugates free indoleacetic acid (IAA) with lysine. lAA-lys is biologically less active than free IAA. The iaaL coding region was expressed under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and transgenic potato plants were produced (Spena et al. 1991). 35S iaaL potato plants are characterized by increased internodal length and epinastic bending of older leaves. In three greenhouse experiments with plants grown in pots of different size and in two growth chamber experiments tuber number increased in iaaL transgenic plants compared to untransformed and vector-transformed controls of the same genotype. The increase in tuber numbers observed under controlled conditions was reflected in tuber yield which increased in the pot grown transgenics.     

Restoration of tuber production by exposure to unshaded daylight in Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi shaded during the early tuber formation period

The loss of final tuber weight of Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi by shading during the early tuber formation period (TFP) is overcome by exposure to unshaded daylight thereafter (late TFP). In the present study, the growth parameters that contribute to the dry matter increase (DMI) per day of tubers in the late TFP were examined. DMI of the tuber during the late TFP was determined by that of the whole plant and the ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during this period. The ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during the late TFP was significantly correlated with the DMI of the whole plant during the first 14 days of the late TFP. During the late TFP after the exposure to unshaded daylight, DMI of the whole plant correlated with the surface area of the stem (SAS) and net assimilation ratio (NAR), and the SAS correlated with the stem dry weight (DW) and specific stem-surface area (SSA). SSA negatively influenced NAR, but NAR was increased by unshading. During the late TFP after shading, the effect of the decrease of the stem DW due to shading on the DMI of the whole plant was mitigated by the large SAS and high NAR. These results indicate that the growth parameters that contribute to the DMI of tuber during the late TFP after exposure to unshaded daylight are SAS and NAR just after unshading, and SSA during this period.     

不同产量潜力甘薯光合产物的生产、运转与块根产量的关系

选取中国主栽的食用型甘薯品种龙薯9号、红香蕉、泰中6号、苏薯8号、遗字138和北京553进行大田试验,研究不同产量潜力甘薯品种光合产物的生产、运转及其与块根产量的关系。结果表明,高产品种整个生育期干物质积累快,光合产物向块根输送多,同化物在块根中的分配率较高,而且高产品种的标记叶合成的光合产物能够较多地运出。因此,叶片光合作用形成的光合产物能够及时地往外运输,是高产甘薯品种高产的重要保证。高产品种具有较高的经济系数。     

马铃薯块茎蛾生物防治研究进展与展望

马铃薯块茎蛾是马铃薯上重要的世界性害虫,会对马铃薯造成毁灭性的危害,该害虫目前已成为影响马铃薯产业发展的重要因素.化学农药的过度使用造成了马铃薯块茎蛾的抗药性增强,使用单一的化学防治并不能对该虫进行长久有效的控制.因此,近年来生物防治逐渐引起了研究人员的重视.本文从马铃薯块茎蛾的天敌种类、昆虫病原物、昆虫性信息素和植物...     

水肥调控对滴灌马铃薯生长、品质及水肥利用的影响

研究生育期土壤水分下限调控和施肥对陕北榆林地区滴灌马铃薯生长、品质和水肥利用的影响,以期探寻马铃薯优质高产的水肥调控模式。以马铃薯紫花白为材料,分别在苗期、块茎形成期、块茎膨大期、淀粉积累期、成熟期设置3个土壤水分调控下限水平:W1(55%、60%、65%、55%、55%)、W2(65%、70%、75%、65%、65%)、W3(75%、80%、85%、75%、75%),4个施肥水平N-P_2O_5-K_2O (kg·hm~(-2))分别为F1(100-40-150 kg·hm~(-2))、F2(150-60-225 kg·hm~(-2))、F3(200-80-300 kg·hm~(-2))、F4(250-100-375 kg·hm~(-2)),共12个处理,在生育期内对马铃薯生长、产量及品质等指标进行观测,分析马铃薯各指标对水肥的响应机制。结果表明:(1)在同一施肥水平下,W2灌水处理的马铃薯生长、产量、品质、水肥利用效率(WUE)均显著高于W1和W3处理。W2处理的平均产量为43 187.15 kg·hm~(-2),比W1和W3分别增加了24.59%和5.26%,淀粉和维生素C含量分别增加了15.32%和6.37%,8.04%和4.66%,WUE分别增加了15.53%和7.54%,肥料偏生产力(PFP)分别增加了21.65%和4.41%。(2)在同一灌水水平下,F3施肥处理的马铃薯生长、产量、WUE均显著高于F1、F2和F4处理,淀粉含量和维生素C含量在F2处理最高。F3处理的平均产量为44 691.32 kg·hm~(-2),比F1、F2和F4处理分别增加了41.79%、10.98%和6.34%。WUE随施肥量的增加均呈抛物线变化趋势,PFP随施肥量增加呈减小趋势,F1处理的PFP平均为108.69 kg·kg~(-1),比F2、F3和F4处理分别显著增加了17.41%、41.06%和87.50%。(3)运用主成分分析法评价马铃薯品质表明,F3W2处理排名第一,是榆林地区马铃薯优质高产的最优水肥组合。     

油莎豆主要营养成分及生理功能研究进展

油莎豆（Cyperus esculentus L.）,又称虎坚果,沙草科莎草属多年生草本植物。油莎豆具有适应性广、生长期短、生物量大、含油量高等优势特性。油莎豆茎叶可做青贮饲料,块茎可生吃或熟吃,此外,油莎豆还可用来榨油,榨油后的油饼可用来做饲料。因此油莎豆作为一种集粮、油、牧、饲于一体的新兴农作物,具有较高的经济价值和开发潜力。为了深入了解油莎豆,促进油莎豆资源的高值化利用和研究,本文综述了油莎豆中油脂、蛋白和多糖等主要营养成分的研究进展,详细阐述了油莎豆降血脂、降血糖、抗氧化和保肝等生理功能,并就其市场规模和科学研究前景进行了展望。     

Potato tuber sugars, starch and organic acids in relation to ozone exposure

Summary Data from two Swedish and one Finnish open-top chamber experiments were combined to investigate effects of ozone exposure on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber content of starch, sucrose, fructose, glucose, malic, citric and ascorbic acids. The glucose, fructose and malic acid concentrations showed strong negative correlations with ozone exposure, while citric acid, consistently increased with ozone exposure. No ozone effects could be demonstrated on starch, sucrose or ascorbic acid concentrations. It is discussed to what extent the changes found in potato tuber composition can be explained in terms of ozone effects on tuber maturity. Ozone exposure was expressed as the accumulated exposure over a cut-off concentration of 40 nmol mol⁻¹ (AOT40) and as the accumulated uptake of ozone over an ozone uptake rate threshold of 7 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (CUO 7). The difference in ability of the exposure indices to explain observed effects was small.     

两种不同钾肥在马铃薯上应用效果的研究

盆栽试验结果表明，氯化钾和硫酸钾均能提高马铃薯叶绿素含量，块茎产量较对照增加显著。供试两种钾肥对马铃薯淀粉含量有增加作用，但对维生素C含量有降低趋势。田间试验结果表明，钾肥具有增加大、中薯，降低小薯比例的效果，从而提高商品率。在海伦黑土上，每公顷施氯化钾52．5～202．5kg，增产块茎6．8％～17．6％。在富锦黑粘土上，每公顷施等量的氯化钾，增产块茎6．5％～20．0％。