DPC~+化学封顶对不同施氮量下棉花叶片光合生理特性的影响

在北疆气候条件下,为明确棉花对不同施氮量下增效缩节胺[DPC+,25%甲哌鎓(1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride, DPC)水剂]化学封顶效应的响应,以新陆早53号为试验材料,在150(N1)、300(N2)和450(N3) kg hm~(–2)施氮水平下,以人工打顶(P0)为对照,研究DPC+剂量[450(P1)、750(P2)和1050(P3) mL hm~(–2)]对棉花叶绿素含量(Chl)、叶面积(LA)、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数及干物质累积与分配的影响。结果表明,同一DPC+剂量下,随施氮量增加, Chl、LA、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数和生殖器官干物质(RODM)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;同一施氮量下,上述参数因DPC+剂量不同呈不同变化趋势,其中N1水平下以P1处理、N2水平下以P2处理、N3水平下以P3处理表现出较高的RODM、Chl、净光合速率(Pn)、实际光化学效率(ФPSII)、电子传递速率(ETR),较低的非光化学淬灭(NPQ)。DPC+与施氮量互作表现为,与其他处理相比, Chl、Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、ФPSII、ETR、RODM在N2P2处理下分别提高了15.52%、29.39%、27.97%、36.77%、23.28%、23.55%、8.41%～22.24%, NPQ降低了34.54%。相关分析表明,干物质累积和Chl、LA、Pn、Gs、ФPSII均呈显著正相关,与NPQ呈极显著负相关。因此,在喷施DPC+(750 mL hm~(–2))条件下,适量追施氮肥(300kghm~(–2))能改善棉花光合性能,在增加干物质累积的基础上,促进了光合产物向生殖器官分配。     

化学打顶对阿拉尔垦区主栽品种光合冠层的影响

化学打顶是指利用植物生长调节剂来打破作物顶端优势,进而保障作物的正常生长和生产。本文为探究化学打顶对作物的影响,利用摇钱素和棉花打顶剂处理新陆中70和新陆中82不同品种,同时测定不同化学打顶剂处理条件下,棉花的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度及棉花冠层叶面积指数指标。研究发现：不同化学打顶处理条件下,与人工打顶相比化学打顶的棉花的五种指标变化均不明显,但新陆中70和新陆中82品种的净光合速率平均值与对照相比分别高出3 μmol/(m2.s)和2 μmol/(m2.s),且冠层叶面积指数值比人工打顶的略高。试验结果表明化学打顶处理后没有造成棉花疯长,提高了光能利用率,进而增加作物群体的光合作用。     

南疆棉区棉花利用氟节胺打顶技术试验

为探讨南疆棉区棉花化学打项技术,以减轻棉花栽培的劳动强度,作者于2013年在新疆生产建设兵团第三师农业科学研究所试验基地,利用烟草抑芽剂氟节胺进行棉花化学打顶试验。结果表明：施用氟节胺处理与对照相比,在一定程度上可有效控制棉株的生长;其产量略低于对照,株高高于对照,果枝层数增加,但空果枝数、脱落数增多;绒长变短,不孕籽率增多,单铃重量轻。     

Cotton Chemical Topping by Applying DPC in Different Cotton-Growing Regions

[Objective] The objective of this study was to investigate the stability and universality of cotton chemical topping by applying mepiquat chloride (1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC) in different cotton-growing regions. [Method] Field experiments were conducted in 2018 at 10 locations in the Yellow River basin (Hejian and Handan, Hebei province; Dezhou and Wudi, Shandong province), the Yangtze River basin (Dafeng, Jiangsu province; Huanggang, Hubei province), and Xinjiang area (Shihezi location I and loacation II, northern Xinjiang and Luntai and Shaya, southern Xinjiang). Local cultivars/lines were used, and the experiments were performed using a randomized complete block design with three or four replicates. Accompanied with typical DPC multi-application in each location, chemical topping was conducted at 10 days before manual topping (T1) or at the same time with manual topping (T2) by applying four dosages of DPC (0, 90, 180, 270 g·hm^－2), manual topping was used as the first control and non-topping as the second control. [Result] The time of chemical topping significantly affected cotton plant height (except for the results in Handan, Dezhou and Wudi) and the number of fruit branches (except for the results in Dafeng and Huanggang). It was observed that earlier chemical topping would result in lower cotton plant height and a fewer fruit branches. In Hejian and Shihezi location I, the average plant height across DPC chemical topping at T1 stage was not only lower than that of T2 stage but also 3.3 cm and 4.6 cm lower than that of manual topping, respectively. In most locations, chemical topping at T1 stage increased around two fruit branches per plant compared with manual topping, while in T2 stage the increased fruit branches per plant ranged from 2.3 to 7.7. Also, we found that a higher dosage of DPC resulted in shorter plant height (except for that in Huanggang). In some locations, plant heights of chemical topping with 180 g·hm^－2 or 270 g·hm^－2 DPC were even shorter than that of manual topping. The number of fruit branches per plant of 0 g·hm^－2 DPC increased by 2.4-8.3 compared with manual topping. However, chemical topping with 90-270 g·hm^－2 DPC significantly reduced the number of fruit branches compared with 0 g·hm^－2 DPC. There were no significant differences in the number of fruit branches among three DPC dosages (90, 180, and 270 g·hm^－2). In Handan, seed cotton yield of chemical topping at T2 stage was significantly lower than that of manual topping due to the decreased boll number, which is possibly associated with the high temperature and drought weather after chemical topping. While at other locations, most treatments of chemical topping by using DPC did not produce significant effects on yield. In addition, chemical topping by using DPC did not delay cotton maturity, characterized by their similar boll-opening rate and the first harvest rate to those of manual topping before spraying harvest aids. [Conclusion] Cotton chemical topping with DPC is more stable and universal across different cotton-growing regions. We suggest that 90-180 g·hm^－2 DPC could be used at the same time with manual topping for cotton chemical topping.     

烟草打顶机械化技术及应用现状

目前,我国在烟草打顶抑芽作业过程中都是以人工作业为主,其劳动强度大,工作效率低,严重制约着我国烟草产业的发展。为此,阐述了在烟草生产种植过程中进行打顶抑芽的原因、作用和打顶抑芽机械国内外的发展现状,并指出了今后烟草打顶机械的发展趋势,给出了我国烟草打顶抑芽机械研究的建议,为烟草田间打顶抑芽作业机械化的发展提供了参考。     

烤烟栽培若干农艺措施的产质效应：Ⅱ.农艺措施与烟叶品质

中、上等烟叶量和烟叶化学成分是反映烤烟品质的二个主要的方面．打顶时期和单株留叶数是影响烤烟品质的主要农艺因素．现蕾和现蕾前打顶留２０叶，中、上等烟叶率稳定在８０％左右；现蕾和现蕾前打顶，增施氮肥提高中、上等烟叶量．烟叶中烟碱和糖的含量可变性较大，全氮、钾等含量可变性较小．打顶早、留叶数较少时．烟碱和全氮含量较高；留叶较多时增施氮肥，有使烟碱含量增高趋势．含糖量以现蕾打顶处理的较高，与施氮量、密度不呈相关趋势．早打顶、较少留叶可提高烟叶含钾量．本试验条件下．Ｎ（９０）水平现蕾留２０叶打顶为烤烟优质丰产优化组合．     

不同打顶时间与方法对甜荞产量及其构成因素的影响

不同打顶时间与方法对甜荞产量及其性状的影响研究结果表明:甜荞盛花期(田间有60%的植株开花时)打顶能显著提高单产和结实率;以盛花期主茎、侧枝顶端均打顶产量最高。其原因主要是打顶可明显降低株高、增加各级分枝数、减少单株花数、增加单株粒数、提高单株结实率、提高单株产量,从而提高单产。     

黄河流域北部棉区棉花缩节胺化学封顶技术

【目的】探讨黄河流域北部棉区应用缩节胺(1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride, DPC)对棉花进行化学封顶的可行性。【方法】于2012-2014年在河北省河间市瀛州镇国欣科技园和北京市中国农业大学上庄实验站进行,共包括6个独立试验。供试棉花品种为国欣棉3号(GX3)、欣抗4号(XK4)、石抗126(S126)和欣试17(XS17)。DPC化学封顶技术分为单独应用常规DPC化控技术(简称DPC)、将常规DPC化控技术与增效型DPC(简称DPC⁺)相结合(简称DPC+DPC⁺)两种方式,以在常规DPC化控基础上进行人工打顶(简称DPC+MT)为对照。【结果】2012和2013年花铃期(7-8月份)多雨,应用DPC化学封顶技术的棉株较高、新生果枝数较多,其中株高较DPC+MT增加10.6-12.3 cm,果枝数增加5.8-7.9台。2014年花铃期干旱少雨,DPC化学封顶的株高与DPC+MT相比无显著差异,新生果枝数不超过3台。DPC化学封顶对棉花产量的影响不显著,但可发现2012年DPC+DPC⁺的产量表现出降低趋势,且上部果枝成铃少、新生果枝成铃多,群体熟期有推迟现象。2013和2014年DPC+DPC⁺的产量和熟期则与对照相当或略有增减。DPC⁺的应用时间(7月中旬至7月底)和剂量(750-1 500 mL·hm^-2)对棉花株型及产量的影响无显著差异,但应避免在结铃盛期(7月底)应用大剂量DPC⁺(1 500 mL·hm^-2),以防延长后期棉铃的成熟。与DPC+DPC⁺相比,单独应用常规DPC化控技术进行化学封顶在多雨年份或高密度下对棉株的控长强度较弱,而且存在减产风险。【结论】应用DPC进行化学封顶在黄河流域北部棉区基本可行,实际应用时需要根据气象因子和种植密度决定单独应用常规DPC化控技术还是将常规DPC化控技术与增效型DPC的应用相结合。     

初花打顶后下部叶采收时间对烤烟生育期及产质量的影响

为探明下部烟叶采收时间对烤烟生育期、经济性状、化学成分、外观及感官质量的影响,在烤烟初花打顶后,进行底部烟叶的不同时间采收试验。结果表明:初花打顶后,随采收时间推迟,上部叶成熟期相应推迟,烤后烟叶外观较好,产量、产值等经济指标呈先升高后降低的趋势;推迟采收的烟叶总氮、总糖、还原糖、两糖比和糖碱比下降,烟碱增加,内在质量和感官质量下降,对上部叶影响显著。综合经济效益及品质因素,南平烟区以初花打顶后0~5d采收下部叶为宜。     

不同打顶方式对烤烟农艺性状及上部叶可用性的影响

为探讨粤北始兴烟区适宜打顶方式及其对烤烟上部叶可用性的影响,研究了不同打顶方式(扣心打顶、现蕾打顶和初花打顶)对烤烟农艺性状及上部叶主要化学成分、产量、产值及初烤烟叶品质的影响.结果表明:随着打顶时间的推迟,烤烟株高、有效叶片数和节距显著增加,而上部叶最大叶面积和茎围有所下降.不同打顶方式对上部叶成熟期淀粉、可溶性总糖、烟碱含量影响较大,对总氮含量影响不明显.初花打顶产值、中上等烟比例分别比生产上常用的打顶方式(现蕾打顶)提高了6.48%和7.73%,淀粉和烟碱含量分别降低了15.68%和5.99%,钾含量升高了13.02%,糖碱比及施木克值有所升高,烟叶内在成分较为协调.综合考虑,初花打顶能有效提高烤烟上部叶可用性,值得在生产上推荐应用.