节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种核型分析

节节麦(Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Sch.2n=2x=14)与通北野燕麦(Avena fatua L.2n=6x=42)杂交,F_1自然加倍成8倍体,8倍体播成的F_2代,遗传性基本一致,PMC镜检表明,染色体数为2n=28Ⅱ。用F_2所结的种子进行根尖细胞核型分析,结果发现8倍体中包含有全套的节节麦和野燕麦的染色体。节节麦中有1对随体染色体.2对近中部着丝点染色体,4对中部着丝点染色体。野燕麦有3对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体,8对近中部着丝点染色体,5对中部着丝点染色体。而节节麦与野燕麦8倍体杂种,有4对随体染色体,5对近端着丝点染色体.10对近中部着丝点染色体,9对中部着丝点染色体。核型分析结果表明,节节麦与野燕麦杂交合成的8倍体,是节节麦与野燕麦的双二倍体。     

Transpiration response of two bread wheat lines differing in drought resilience and their backcross parent under dry-down conditions

Improving wheat productivity in drylands largely depends on how plants manage limited water resources. Using fraction of transpirable soil water threshold (FTSW_Th) and drought stress response function, we characterized the water conservation traits of two wheat multiple synthetic derivative lines (MSD53 and MSD345) which both contain introgressed segments from Aegilops tauschii but differ in drought resilience. The lines and their backcross parent, ‘Norin 61’, were subjected to dry-down conditions. MSD53 had a higher FTSW_Th for transpiration decrease than ‘Norin 61’ and MSD345. In terms of drought stress response function, MSD53 had the lowest threshold suction, suggesting a lower drought resilience capacity compared with MSD345. However, MSD53 exhibited an effective-water-use trait whereas MSD345 exhibited a water-saving trait under dry-down conditions. These results are consistent with the reported higher yield of MSD53 in comparison with MSD345 under drought stress in Sudan, and demonstrate that high FTSW_Th supports effective water use for improved agricultural productivity in drylands. The differences in water conservation traits between the two MSD lines may be attributed to variation in introgressed segments, which can be further explored for drought resilience breeding.     

小麦与山羊草双二倍体抗病性的研究与利用

本文报道了波斯小麦与粗山羊草(5个品系),小伞山羊草和卵穗山羊草双二倍体及其亲本的抗叶锈和白粉病鉴定结果。粗山羊草对叶锈的抗性受波斯小麦品系 PS 5(不抗叶锈)的抑制,在双二倍体中不能表现。小伞山羊草和卵穗山羊草对叶锈的抗性不受波斯小麦的影响,能在双二倍体中充分表达。以对白粉病免疫的波斯小麦为母本与免疫的山羊     

利用小麦A、B基因组特异SSR标记扩增节节麦D基因组

以节节麦SQ-214、中国春(CS)和四川育成品种SW3243为材料,利用192个小麦A和B基因组特异SSR标记,对节节麦D基因组进行了扩增,结果表明:有130个特异SSR标记(67.70%)可以在只含D基因组的节节麦上扩出产物,并对扩增效果进行了分析。     

粗山羊草间杂交的育性表现及抗病性鉴定

[目的]为了探讨粗山羊草间杂交的育性表现及其后代的抗病性。[方法]利用13份不同产地的粗山羊草进行杂交,在田间用京双16作诱发行,接种北京地区流行的白粉病混合菌株,进行苗期、成株期抗病性鉴定。[结果]从杂交结果看,亚种内杂交率较高,为14.15%～83.33%,而亚种间杂交率较低,为0～8.33%,因此可以判断粗山羊草亚种之间存在着生殖隔离。通过对抗病粗山羊草Y192与感病Y2272的杂交后代进行小麦白粉病抗病性鉴定,发现抗病基因是由显性单基因控制的。[结论]该结果为进一步研究小麦白粉病抗病基因奠定了基础。     

一种节节麦高分子量麦谷蛋白与小麦同源蛋白氨基酸序列的比较

对节节麦的一种y类高分子量麦谷蛋白基因进行了序列测定和比较。结果显示,该亚基与小麦A、B和D和节节麦D染色体编码的y型亚基的全蛋白氨基酸残基数目均不一致。6个y型基因的信号肽、N-端和C-端氨基酸残基数目均一致,但有个别氨基酸的替换。而重复区氨基酸残基数目均不一致,主要由于重复单元六肽和九肽的数目不等。在目前已知的D基因组编码的y型亚基中,Dy13t的重复区是最短的,它比Dy10少4个九肽,比Dy12少4个九肽,2个六肽,比Dy12t少4个九肽。由N-Calign序列所作的聚类分析将这6个y型亚基分为3支,A、B和D基因组编码的亚基各占一支。来源于D基因组的4个基因的一支,又可将来源于节节麦和小麦D基因组的2个基因分别聚类在一起。     

节节麦抗穗发芽基因的染色体定位及其抗性机理

 利用长休眠的河南节节麦与四倍体小麦矮兰麦杂交并经人工加倍合成的新六倍体小麦RSP,其节节麦抗穗发芽特性得到表达。通过对RSP不同灌浆期及不同发芽处理研究表明,在开花后35d的穗发芽高峰期其发芽率也仅为6.06％。其抗穗发芽的因素主要来自种子的抑制,麦穗的机械作用和颖壳内含物的抑制较次。利用RSP对节节麦的抗穗发芽基因进行定位分析,结果表明,RSP的抗穗发芽基因是隐性单基因位于2D染色体上。     

Agronomic Variability in Selected Triticum turgidum x T. tauschii Synthetic Hexaploid Wheats

Two trials were conducted at the Mexican National Institute of Agricultural Research Experiment Station at Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico to investigate the nature and extent of agronomic variation in 50 synthetic hexaploid (SH) wheats (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD) derived from Triticum turgidum (2n = 4x = 28. AABB) × T. tauschii (In = 2x = 14, DD) crosses for subsequent use in wheat improvement. Plant height, spike length, days to flowering, physiological maturity, grain yield, above-ground biomass at maturity, harvest index, yield components and test weight were determined.
Significant agronomic variation was observed among the germplasm evaluated. Outstanding SH genotypes were identified with higher grain yield, above-ground biomass at maturity, 1000-grain weight, and spikes m⁻² than the bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) check cultivar Seri 82. Genotypic correlations of grain yield with other character traits show that grain m² was the most important determinant of gram yield (r = 0.993). Data on agronomic traits subjected to complete linkage cluster analysis resulted in classifying the genotypes into two distinct phenotypic groups excluding Seri 82. Groups generally corresponded to durum progenitors of the SH with significant group differences for all characters. This demonstrates use of practical numerical analysis procedures to describe agronomic variation in representative SH genotypes. Clustering by quantitativy traits may be valuable for identification of genotypes with divergent sources for breeding and agronomic purposes.     

Inheritance of genes coding for gliadin proteins and glume colour introgressed into Triticum aestivum from a synthetic wheat

A synthetic hexaploid, Triticum timofeevii×T. tauschii, was used to transfer disease resistance genes to the commercial cultivar Saratovskaya 29 (S29) by backcrossing. After five backcrosses the resulting derivatives still showed some traits of the synthetic, namely brown spike glumes and several gliadin components. Genetic analysis showed that the derived forms had inherited the Gli-D1 allele of the synthetic, which was found to be tightly linked to a gene for glume colour. Recombination percentages between these genes was estimated to be 2.5 ± 1.7%. The development of the derivatives was also accompanied by a rearrangement within the Gli-B1 locus, resulting in the formation of a new variant of the allele in S29.     

抗条锈、抗穗发芽六倍体人工合成小麦Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783的SSR标记分析

Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783是由CIMMYT引进的硬粒小麦/节节麦人工合成种,具有高抗条锈和高抗穗发芽等优良特性.本文选用小麦A、B、D染色体组的91对SSR引物将人工合成小麦Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783与绵阳26在分子水平上进行了比较分析,结果表明：91对引物中有88对引物能扩增出清晰条带;88对引物中除3对引物外,86对引物（96.59%）均能揭示出Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783与绵阳26之间的差异.人工合成小麦Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783与育成小麦品种遗传差异很大,是丰富现代小麦遗传多样性的优异基因源;利用人工合成小麦Cereta/Aegilops tauschii783与绵阳26构建SSR标记群体,可有效标记双亲优良基因.