Correlation between hydrolytic enzyme activities measured in bean seedlings afterTrichoderma koningii treatment combined with pregermination and the protective effect againstPythium splendens

An experimental protocol consisting in the colonisation of pregerminated bean seeds dressed withTrichoderma sp. was used in order to study the mechanisms correlated with the protective effect againstPythium splendens. Seed dressed with TH-11 (T. koningii) for 24 h presented a higher protective effect and a higher level of seed colonisation as compared to those dressed with TH-13 (T. longibranchiatum). The levels of seed coat colonisation by TH-11 and TH-13 was shown to be correlated with the carboxymethylcellulase activity, as measured in the seed coats retreived from germinating dressed bean seeds. The seed coat colonisation was also associated with an increased activities of endo-1,3--glucanase and endochitinase measured in seed extracts, and an inhibitory effect of seed extracts onPythium sporangia germination. Pretreatment of TH-13-dressed seeds with a commercial cellulase improved all parameters mentioned above, thus suggesting a role of cellulase activity in the colonisation process and the linked protective effect. The possible role of hydrolytic enzymes in the protective effects is discussed.     

Using laser to measure stem thickness and cut weed stems

Summary Stem thickness of the weed Solanum nigrum and the crop sugarbeet was determined with a He–Ne laser using a novel non‐destructive technique measuring stem shadow. Thereafter, the stems were cut close to the soil surface with a CO₂ laser. Treatments were carried out on pot plants, grown in the greenhouse, at two different growth stages, and plant dry matter was measured 2–5 weeks after treatment. The relationship between plant dry weight and laser energy was analysed using two different non‐linear dose–response regression models; one model included stem thickness as a variable, the other did not. A binary model was also tested. The non‐linear model incorporating stem thickness described the data best, indicating that it would be possible to optimize laser cutting by measuring stem thickness before cutting. The general tendency was that more energy was needed the thicker the stem. Energy uses on a field scale are discussed.     

Comparison of an in vitro and a damping-off assay to test soils for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum

Testing of soil samples in greenhouse assays for suppressiveness to soilborne plant pathogens requires a considerable investment in time and effort as well as large numbers of soil samples. To make it possible to process large numbers of samples efficiently, we compared an in vitro growth assay with a damping-off assay using Pythium aphanidermatum as the test organism on tomato seedlings. The in vitro test compares the radial growth or relative growth of the fungus in soil to that in autoclaved soil and reflects suppressiveness of soils to the pathogen. We used soils from a field experiment that had been farmed either organically or conventionally and into which a cover crop (oats and vetch in mixture) had been incorporated 0, 10, 21, and 35 days previously. We obtained a significant, positive correlation between damping-off severities of tomato seedlings in damping-off assays and both relative and radial growth in vitro. In addition, radial and relative growth of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro assay were positively correlated with several carbon and nitrogen variables measured for soil and incorporated debris. We did not find differences between the two farming systems for either growth measures of P. aphanidermatum or disease severities on tomato at different stages of cover crop decomposition. The in vitro assay shows potential for use with any fungus that exhibits rapid saprophytic growth, and is most suitable for routine application in suppressiveness testing.     

新疆甜菜丸粒化单粒种高密高产高糖栽培模式

在新疆适宜种植甜菜的生态区,通过选择甜菜丸粒化单粒种,在高密度种植条件下,依据不同栽培管理阶段特点采用合理的管理措施,以实现甜菜单产97.5～105.0t/hm2、含糖率15%以上的目标,从而构建甜菜丸粒化单粒种高密高产高糖栽培模式。     

L'electrode potassium pour l'analyse des tissus vegetaux (The potassium electrode for plant tissue testing)

Abstract

A potassium specific‐ion electrode equiped with a “sensing module” was compared with atomic absorption for potassium determination in plant tissue. The potentiometric readings were stable and reproducible, and were of the same order of magnitude as those obtained by atomic absorption. The correletion coefficient obtained between the two analytical methods were highly significant; but it was higher for corn leaves, sugarbeet leaf‐blades and petioles respectively.     

湿地松幼苗根系微生物数量变化规律的研究

采用平板稀释法研究了湿地松幼苗1 a中微生物根系数量的变化规律,为合理的生物防治时期提供科学依据。结果表明:湿地松苗圃土壤中存在着大量的微生物。湿地松幼苗根系的生长和发展可以大大促进其周围微生物的生长,受湿地松根系生长和环境变化等因素的影响,在松苗移栽后的几个月内,根际细菌和真菌的种群数量迅速增加,细菌比真菌的种群增长速度要快。利用生物防治细菌进行苗木猝倒病防治的最佳时期应该是在芽苗移栽后1个月以内。     

甜菜抗(耐)丛根病生理基础的研究(Ⅰ)过氧化物酶(POX)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)与甜菜抗丛根病的关系

本文从比较生理学角度,研究了甜菜抗丛根病特性与其体内有关防御酶系的关系,结果表明,甜菜感病后,POX酶活性增加与抗病性有关,特别是PAL活性提高与抗病性呈正相关,可作为病地上和无病地上选育抗(耐)丛根病品种的重要生理指标.     

内生菌BS-2对蔬菜立枯病的抑制效果

抗利福平标记的菌株内生定殖测定结果表明,分离自辣椒叶片的内生枯草芽孢杆菌BS-2菌株既可在辣椒体内定殖,又可进入茄子、蕃茄、白菜、黄瓜、西瓜、丝瓜、甜瓜和豇豆等多种植物体内定殖;拮抗和防病作用测定发现,该菌株对多种植物病原真菌具有较强拮抗作用.菌液浸种处理后对黄瓜、甜瓜和蕃茄苗期立枯病有78.96%以上的抑制效果,并对这些蔬菜有较明显的促生作用.     

增产菌对甜菜作用机制的探讨 Ⅰ.增产菌对甜菜根叶生长、叶绿素含量、光合及蒸腾的效应

在田间栽培条件下研究了增产菌对甜菜的生理效应,研究表明:在不同生育期增产菌均能促进甜菜的根叶生长,并能减少叶片的气孔阻力,促进甜菜的光合作用,改善光合产物的分配以及提高甜菜的蒸腾速率和水分利用效率。     

甜菜生育期间黑土无机氮变化动态的研究

本文研究了甜菜生育期间种植地、休闲地黑土无机氮的变化动态。结果表明,种植地无机氮的变化受作物生长的影响。可分为3个阶段:氮素供求平衡期、氮素供求尖锐期和氮素供求缓和期。休闲地无机氮的变化动态可分为4个阶段:积累平缓期、下渗积累期、积累旺盛期和积累终止期。其中5月中旬、8月中旬、9月上旬和10月上旬4个测定日期的无机氮值(0～90cm 土层),年际间差异不显著。用该4个数值可绘出土壤无机氮动态曲线,科学地反映出土壤供氮水平,可作为甜菜定量施氮的重要参数之一。