甘蓝尖椒新品种及新栽培技术模式研究与推广

经4年试验示范推广,在冀东加苫加后土墙型冷棚中,摸索出甘蓝尖椒新品种及新栽培模式,即选用新品种甘蓝精选8398,尖椒冀冬35。精选8398在8月下旬至9月上旬播种,定植密度67 500株/hm2;冀冬35在11月下旬播种,单株定植,密度46 500株/hm2。试验表明:甘蓝精选8398平均产量54 225 kg/hm2,收获期集中在元旦、春节,比对照中甘11增产6 525 kg/hm2,增产率达12.03%,产值高29 520元/hm2;尖椒冀冬35平均产量78 430 kg/hm2,4月上旬采收,比对照朝研牛角椒提前25 d左右上市,增产19 530 kg/hm2,增产率达24.90%,产值高41 075元/hm2。该模式平均纯效益161 312元/hm2,比传统栽培模式高78 189元/hm2,在京、津、冀等北方地区有着广泛的推广价值。     

小麦纹枯病的发生及防治方法

介绍了小麦纹枯病在不同生育时期表现的不同症状特点,从气候因素、耕作栽培制度、品种抗性等7个方面分析了小麦纹枯病的发生原因,并提出了综合防治对策。     

黄淮麦区57个小麦品种对3株小麦纹枯病菌的苗期抗性鉴定

分别从兰考、夏邑和嵩县的小麦纹枯病罹病植株中分离鉴定出3株小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizocto-nia cerealis),苗期活体测定了黄淮麦区57个小麦品种对3株不同菌系纹枯病菌的抗性,结果发现,被测品种苗期对3株纹枯病菌的抗性差异明显,不同来源纹枯病菌菌系之间的致病性存在分化现象。对兰考菌系R1的抗性:邯6172、花培3号等17个品种表现为中抗,兰考矮早8、百农AK58等24个品种为中感品种,其余16个品种为高感品种;对夏邑菌系R2的抗性:泛麦5号、郑麦98等10个品种表现为中感,其余47个为高感品种;对嵩县菌系R3的抗性:豫教2号、豫农949 2个品种为中感,其余55个均为高感品种。在所有被测品种中,没有发现免疫和高抗品种。     

小麦抗纹枯病种质资源的鉴定与创新

采用土壤接种方法,1996～1999年从国内外小麦资源中筛选抗纹桔病种质。发现小麦品种对纹桔病的抗性存在差异。其中表现抗病的品种(相对抗病指数大于O．80)有8份,都是国外品种,另有26份国外品种表现中抗;国内地方品种有9份表现中抗;国内改良品种纹枯病抗性较差。利用ARz、C112633、Niavt14、Rendezvous等抗源与农艺性状较优的大面积推广品种扬麦158、宁麦9号、淮麦17等杂交,创造新的抗病种质,目前已筛选出一批抗纹桔病的小麦新种质。     

Simulating multiple pest damage in varying winter wheat production situations

The production situation–injury profile paradigm can be used as a framework to assess the harmfulness of multiple-pest complexes in a changing agriculture. A mechanistic simulation model for wheat, WHEATPEST, was developed to incorporate drivers of (i) variable production situations and (ii) their related injury profiles. The model simulates the harmful effects of pathogens, pests, and weeds in a simple, open, generic manner. Simulation drivers were derived from published reports, in particular through a meta-analysis of highly detailed farmers’ field surveys in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Preliminary analysis of the model's performances indicates that WHEATPEST conforms with available published reports in a range of production situations and injury profiles. While improvement on some components of the model are discussed, this work points at the need for the collection of cross-disciplinary, reasonably accurate, and standardised data at a system's level, and at the usefulness of modelling tools for basic research and policy.     

小麦纹枯病的研究进展

近年来,小麦纹枯病在我国呈逐年加重趋势,国内外也加强了对该病的研究,取得较大进展。从小麦纹枯病病原、侵染过程、发生规律、影响因素及防治等方面的研究进行了综述,同时讨论了今后小麦纹枯病综合防治的研究方向。     

小麦纹枯病化学防治药剂的筛选

为了筛选小麦纹枯病的高效防治药剂,对多种化学药剂进行了室内毒力测定、盆栽试验和田间防效试验.室内毒力测定结果表明,烯唑醇、井冈霉素、敌力脱、适乐时对小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealia)抑菌效果较好,EC50均小于1 mg/kg;敌萎丹、立克秀、甲基托布津、扑力猛、五氯硝基苯、三唑酮和退菌特对小麦纹枯病菌也有较好的抑菌效果,EC50均在10 mg/kg以下.盆栽试验结果表明,21%复方适乐时FS1 : 500包衣和2.5%适乐时FS 1:500包表处理防效最好,分别达到84.23%和83.52%;其次为12.5%烯唑醇WP 1 : 625拌种和2%立克秀WS 1 : 500拌种,为81.49%和77.23%;3%敌萎丹FS 1:500包衣、2.5%扑力猛FS 1:500包衣、15%三唑酮WP 1:500拌种和20%井冈霉素SP 1:500拌种也有较好的防效,平均防效均大于60%.大田试验结果表明,返青期3%敌萎丹FS 1:500包衣和12.5%烯唑醇WP 1:625拌种防效最好,防效分别为55.43%和51.51%;收获期白穗率调查结果发现,12.5%烯唑醇WP 1:625拌种防效最好,达84.63%;其次为3%敌萎丹FS 1:500包衣和15%三唑酮WP 1:500拌种,防效分别达到73.36%和72.31%.收获期产量调查结果表明,3%敌萎丹FS 1:500包衣、21%复方适乐时FS 1:500包衣和2.5%适乐时FS 1:500包农处理增产效果较好,分别达到13.81%、12.34%和11.50%.从防治效果和增产效果综合考虑,敌萎丹、复方适乐时、适乐时是较好的种子处理剂.     

Development of Stem-base Pathogens on Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Determined by Quantitative PCR

The progress of development of stem-base pathogens in crops of second winter wheat was plotted in nine experiments in three years. The amount of each pathogen present was determined by quantitative PCR. Where Tapesia yallundae was present in quantifiable amounts, it usually developed earlier than the other eyespot pathogen, T. acuformis. Both species were usually present in greater amounts on cultivars which are more susceptible to eyespot. The sharp eyespot pathogen, Rhizoctonia cerealis, developed more erratically than either of the Tapesia spp. and there were no consistent effects on different cultivars. Fusarium spp., the cause of brown foot rot, were rarely present in quantifiable amounts, but Microdochium nivale was usually present as one or both of the varieties nivale and majus. Late-season (after anthesis) decreases in M. nivale suggest that any brown foot rot symptoms attributable to this fungus would have fully developed earlier. Cultivar differences in amounts of M. nivale were most clear in stems during internode extension and when relatively large amounts of DNA were present. Such differences approximately reflected eyespot susceptibility, cv. Soissons containing most and cv. Lynx containing least DNA. The results emphasise the difficulty in relating diagnoses, by quantitative PCR or other means, at early growth stages when decisions to apply fungicides against stem-base disease are made, to later disease severity.     

几种杀菌剂对小麦纹枯病的防治效果

田间试验结果表明,12.5%烯唑醇可湿性粉剂有效成分110g/hm2、12.5%腈菌唑乳油110g/hm2、10%氯啶菌酯乳油45g/hm2、25%丙环唑乳油180g/hm2对小麦纹枯病有很好的防治效果,防效分别为79.5%、76.3%、65.8%和63.9%,显著优于常用药剂20%井冈霉素水溶性粉剂180g/hm2的防效52.9%,可在生产上大面积推广应用。     

小麦纹枯病抗性QTL的SSR标记研究

以ARz／扬麦158F6重组自交系(RILs)群体为材料,对其纹枯病抗性进行SSR分析和初步的QTL分析。群体抗性分析结果表明：纹枯病抗性是由多个基因控制的数量性状;单个标记方差及回归分析显示有6个SSR标记至少在2份抗性资料中能被检测到,涉及2D、3A、3B、3D、7D5条染色体,能解释2．6％～10．1％的抗性表型变异。标记Xgwm340来源于感病品种扬麦158,其余的SSR标记(Xgwm102、Xgwm155、Xgwm71—2、Xgwm645、Xgwm437)来源于抗病亲本ARz;利用Map Manager QTX软件进行QTL分析,检测到2个QTL。