Long-term variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocking success in a large lake: interplay between availability of suitable prey and size at release

Abstract –  Factors affecting long-term variation in brown trout, Salmo trutta L., stocking success were examined in a large lake, Lake Oulujärvi, in central Finland. Brown trout were stocked in spring (late May to early June) in 1974–1991 and in summer (late June to early July) in 1992–2001. The biomass of the vendace, Coregonus albula (L.), population (prey) at release time had the largest positive effect on stocking success within both periods: biomass of adult vendace in spring and both 0+ and adult vendace in summer. Increasing the size of stocked fish had a positive effect if the vendace available at release were only adults. The increasing trend of predator-catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) [combined CPUE of northern pike Esox lucius L., burbot Lota lota (L.), and pike-perch Stizostedion lucioperca (L.)] through the study period and its negative effect on trout stocking success suggested an increasing effect of predation within the entire time series.     

放牧系统的稳定性与载畜量的研究

本文研究了具有不同消费函数的放牧系统的稳定性,并确定出相应的系统的安全容纳量和最大容纳量。本文中有些结论改进并推广了Noy—Mcir于1976年得到的关于载畜量的有关结论。     

Primary productivity in patches of heterogeneous swards after 12 years of low-intensity cattle grazing

In low-intensity grazing systems, patch grazing leads to a mosaic structure of short (frequently defoliated) and tall (rarely defoliated) patches, with the stocking rate determining the proportion of these patch types on the pasture. Little is known about the long-term effects of patch grazing on the productivity of contrasting sward height patches developed under varying stocking rates. On a 12-year low-intensity cattle pasture we investigated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its seasonal variation in different patch types (‘short’, ‘medium’ and ‘tall’) under three stocking rates (‘moderate’, ‘lenient’ and ‘very lenient’) over two years. Additionally, we determined stocks of soil phosphorus, potassium and magnesium as well as soil pH. ANPP was affected by an interaction of patch type and stocking rate and ranged from less than 300 g/m² in short patches under very lenient stocking to more than 1,000 g/m² in medium patches under moderate stocking. In contrast with observations at the start of the experiment, ANPP in short patches was similar to or less than that in medium and tall patches. As topsoil phosphorus and potassium stocks were lowest in short patches, this indicates a long-term redistribution of nutrients by grazing animals, which limits short-patch productivity. Productivity of medium patches increased with stocking rate, and soil potassium concentration showed a similar trend, pointing towards enhanced nutrient cycling under more intensive stocking. We conclude that nutrient redistribution may lead to increasing trade-offs between ecological and agronomic aims in long-term low-intensity grazing systems.     

湘春豆25号秋播高产栽培技术研究

为提高特早熟春大豆湘春豆25号的秋播增产潜力,采用三元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了种植密度、苗前期施复合肥、苗后期施尿素等3个主要栽培因子对湘春豆25号秋播产量的影响.结果表明:种植密度(x1)、苗前期施复合肥(x2)两因子对产量有显著影响,苗后期施尿素(x3)主效不显著,与x1,x2互作显著;湘春豆25号翻秋种植适合高密度、高肥力水平下栽培;中等肥力土壤上栽培,产量2400kg/hm2以上的优化农艺模式有39个,其主要决策因素取值范围:种植密度57.58~61.51万株/hm2,苗前期施复合肥316.8~427.65kg/hm2,苗后期施尿素202.44~284.34kg/hm2.     

靖海湾和五垒岛湾放流增殖中国对虾的回游与分布

用烧结法标志中国对虾，在靖海湾和五垒岛湾进行增殖放流，研究其回游与分布规律。重捕资料表明，６月中旬幼对虾对湾内河口浅水区生活随体长增长，逐步向深水扩散；８月上，中旬主群陆续游向湾外，按地形走向向西南回游，部分向东或东南；１０月份回游对湾外水域的对虾有向东，东北或东南回游的现象。     

凡纳滨对虾不同养殖密度高位池水体细菌群落动态

通过对养殖水体环境基因组DNA中细菌16S rRNA基因V4–V5区的高通量测序和生物信息学分析,研究了两种养殖密度的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)高位池水体中细菌群落在养殖过程中的动态。结果显示,养殖过程中各菌群相对丰度变化明显,细菌多样性随时间逐渐提高,优势菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。随着养殖时间增长,蓝藻丰度所占比例逐渐减少,而变形菌、拟杆菌和浮霉菌丰度逐渐增大,同时养殖前期高密度池浮霉菌丰度显著高于低密度池(P0.01),而其他菌群无显著差异。结果表明,养殖期前50 d不同养殖密度水体细菌群落差异较大,而后30 d内细菌群落的时间异质性大于空间异质性,这意味着高位池水体菌相被划分为两类,到养殖后期菌相快速转变,养殖密度所带来的影响被减弱。     

养殖密度对宝石鲈生长性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验对循环水养殖系统中不同养殖密度宝石鲈(50,100,150,220尾/m3)的生长性能及血液生化指标进行比较.结果表明,150尾/m3组宝石鲈的生长较有优势,其特定生长率(1.61%/d)和存活率(89%)均较高,饲料系数较低(1.70);密度对血液中的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶和胆红素的影响显著(P＜0.05),随养殖密度增加其浓度呈上升趋势,均在220尾/m3密度组上升最多;密度对血清无机离子(钾、钠、氯、镁、磷)也有影响.综合认为循环水养殖条件下,150尾/m3养殖密度组宝石鲈生长效果较具优势.     

The On-Farm Trials of the Rotational Prawn-Rice Farming in a Semi-Deep Water Area

ABSTRACT

The on-farm trials of rotational rice-prawn farming in a semi-deep water area in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam was carried out in six rice fields (0.7–1.0 ha) to evaluate the production and economic efficiency of using low and high cost feed on prawn culture in paddies at different densities. Two stocking densities of 4 and 5 PL/m² were investigated. Two treatments of feed types (pellets only or a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat) were applied at stocking 4 PL/m². At the treatment of 5 PL/m², prawns were fed a combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat. Prawns were stocked in the mid-April and harvested in mid‐November before the next dry season rice crop. Rice farming was started 3 to 5 days after prawn harvesting. By cull harvesting during the culture period, final mean weights of prawn ranged from 47.2 to 57.2 g/prawn and the male:female ratio at harvesting was 2.5:1.0. The prawn yield of treatment 5 PL/m² was highest (630 ± 22 kg/ha). Net profits in treatments using the combination of pellets, trash fish, and snail meat were 861 ± 193 US$/ha to 1,019 ± 25 US$/ha for the prawn crop and 1,393 ± 71 US$/ha to 1,576 ± 180 US$/ha for the whole system (prawn crop + dry rice crop) and significantly higher than in treatment using pellet only (P < 0.05). Prawns fed on pellets or a combination of pellets and snail meat both offer similar results in terms of production and economics. The dry rice crop offered high cost benefit ratio (2.29–2.33) with low operating cost (414–434 USD/ha) and it made a better use in sustainable rice fields through the rotational rice-prawn system.