泌乳母猪乳腺对乳汁前体物的摄取及其乳汁成分的分泌

乳汁产量和营养成分在很大程度上决定哺乳期仔猪的生长性能,但由泌乳期第 ８天至断奶,乳腺不能合成足量乳汁以支持仔猪最大生长潜力的发挥。因此,有必要弄清泌乳母猪乳腺对乳汁前体物的摄取及乳汁成分分泌的这种“进—出”生化代谢规律,以便利用营养措施调控乳汁成分。本文阐述了乳腺对乳汁前体物质,如葡萄糖、脂肪酸、氨基酸、矿物质、维生素的摄取及其乳汁成分的分泌,并讨论了调控“摄取—分泌”这个过程中的潜在生化机制。     

Perspectives of Using L-Tryptophan for Improving Productivity of Agricultural Crops: A Review

Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within plant tissues through L-tryptophan (L-TRP)-dependent and -independent pathways. It has been found that plants respond to exogenously applied L-TRP due to insufficient endogenous auxin biosynthesis. The exogenous application of L-TRP is highly significant for normal plant growth and development. L-tryptophan is applied through foliar spray, seed priming, and soil application. Soil-applied L-TRP is either directly taken up by plants or metabolized to auxin by soil microbiota and then absorbed by plant roots. Similarly, foliar spray and seed priming with L-TRP stimulates auxin synthesis within plants and improves the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, L-TRP contains approximately 14% nitrogen (N) in its composition, which is released upon its metabolism within a plant or in the rhizosphere and plays a role in enhancing crop productivity. This review deals with assessing crop responses under the exogenous application of L-TRP in normal and stressed environments, mode of action of L-TRP, advantages of using L-TRP over other auxin precursors, and role of the simultaneous use of L-TRP and auxin-producing microbes in improving the productivity of agricultural crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting the importance of the use of L-TRP in agriculture.     

遮荫对茶树新梢叶绿素及其生物合成前体的影响

研究了遮阳网遮荫处理对鸠坑、龙井43、水古新梢叶绿素生物合成前体物质和新梢叶绿素积累的影响。结果显示：遮荫降低光照强度,茶树新梢叶绿素含量显著增加;同时叶绿素生物合成的前体物质δ-氨基酮戊酸（aminolevulinic acid, ALA）、卟啉胆色素原（porphobilinogen, PBG）、尿卟啉原Ⅲ（Urogen Ⅲ）等含量降低,而原卟啉Ⅸ（protoporphyrin Ⅸ, ProtoⅨ）、镁原卟啉Ⅸ（magnesium protoporphyrin Ⅸ, Mg-ProtoⅨ）、原叶绿素酸酯（protochlorophyllide, Pchlide）含量升高。     

武夷岩茶加工过程中β-樱草糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶基因表达与香气前体物质的差异性

研究水仙和肉桂2种武夷岩茶加工过程中糖苷类香气前体物质的变化以及β-樱草糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶基因表达的差异性.结果表明:肉桂香气前体物质总量是水仙的0.80~1.93倍,香气前体物质总量变化具有差异性;水仙β-樱草糖苷酶基因平均相对表达量(1.10)低于β-葡萄糖苷酶基因(1.90),晒青过程中β-樱草糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶基因的相对表达量显著高于鲜叶,做青过程中的变化未达到显著水平;肉桂β-樱草糖苷酶基因的平均相对表达量(0.54)低于β-葡萄糖苷酶基因(0.76),晒青过程中β-樱草糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶基因的相对表达量与鲜叶比较未达到显著水平,做青结束后达到显著水平.水仙2个基因和肉桂β-樱草糖苷酶基因的相对表达量与香气前体物质总量及各糖苷成分含量变化总体一致.     

饲喂青绿全株玉米对肥育猪肉风味前体物质及营养特性的影响

为研究饲喂青绿全株玉米对肥育猪肉风味前体物质及营养特性的影响,试验选择健康无病、体重相近的杜长大三元杂交保育仔猪32头,随机分为4个组,每组8个重复(单栏饲养),对照组全程饲喂标准全价日粮,试验1组、试验2组和试验3组分别按生长期20%、30%、40%和肥育期40%、50%、60%比例的青绿全株玉米替代全价日粮进行饲喂,至平均约100 kg体重时,每组抽样屠宰6头,取样进行肉质测定。研究结果表明:饲喂青绿全株玉米对猪肉肌苷酸和胆固醇含量具有显著影响,与对照组相比,试验1组肌苷酸含量提高6.30%(P <0.05)、试验3组降低18.90%(P <0.05);试验2组、3组胆固醇含量分别降低6.95%、6.66%(P <0.05)。各试验组猪肌肉可溶性胶原蛋白(SC)、胶原蛋白溶解度(CS)差异显著,与对照组相比,试验1组SC提高11.32%(P <0.05),试验2组、3组有降低趋势(P> 0.05);试验1组CS提高9.16%(P <0.05),试验3组降低5.35%(P <0.05)。饲喂青绿全株玉米对猪肉中多数单体氨基酸、脂肪酸无显著影响,与对照组相比,试验组肌肉中总氨基酸(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)含量有降低趋势,而总多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)有升高趋势,但差异均不显著(P> 0.05)。研究证明,从保持和改善肉品风味及营养特性角度,猪生长期和肥育期按20%和40%的比例饲喂青绿全株玉米较为适宜。     

丁酸对乳腺组织基因表达的调控作用及其机制

丁酸是重要的短链脂肪酸,可作为信号分子结合其受体在机体发挥一些重要的生理作用,如调节乳腺、肝脏及脂肪组织的脂质代谢。丁酸的作用机制是多方面的,其中许多机制与其参与基因表达的调控作用有关。丁酸不仅调节某一个基因的表达,还参与信号通路及基因网络的调节。本文综述了丁酸作为重要的乳成分合成前体物、组蛋白去乙酰酶(DHAC)抑制剂、G蛋白偶联受体的配体对乳腺组织基因表达的调控作用及其相关机制。     

红绿茶加工工艺对茶鲜叶香气和糖苷类香气前体的影响

为了研究不同的加工工艺对茶鲜叶香气和糖苷类香气前体的的影响,利用槠叶种群体的一芽二、三叶鲜叶为原料,按照传统的加工工艺分别制成红茶、绿茶,应用SDE提取、GC/MS对香气组成进行分析,同时应用溶剂提取、双相酶解和GC/MS对糖苷类香气前体物质进行系统分析。结果表明：由同一批鲜叶所制的绿茶和红茶,其香气和糖苷类香气前体在组成和含量上存在明显差异。鲜叶、绿茶和红茶中精油相对总量依次为17.263、5.004和34.702。糖苷类香气前体检测结果表明,鲜叶中的香气前体苷元有6种,分别为苯甲醇、反式-芳樟醇氧化物、芳樟醇、苯乙醇、水杨酸甲酯和香叶醇;绿茶中有5种,苯甲醇未检测出;而红茶中只检测出了反式-芳樟醇氧化物和苯乙醇两种。在绿茶加工中,鲜叶中的苷元仅有20.34%得以释放;而在红茶加工中,95.60%的苷元得以释放。这些释放出的苷元成为成品茶的重要香气组分。实验证实了鲜叶在不同的加工工艺处理下,在制得的成茶中香气和糖苷类香气前体的组成和含量存在明显差异。     

匍枝筋骨草悬浮培养中β-蜕皮甾酮的积累与调控

植物源蜕皮激素——β-蜕皮甾酮(β-EC)是一种细胞生长调节激素,在医疗和生物农药等方面有极高的应用价值。利用匍枝筋骨草细胞中含有较高β-EC这一特性,为从改善细胞悬浮培养、监测及加入添加物等途径找出一个可以高效、快速生产β-EC的生物学方法,通过紫外分光光度法和高效液相色谱等研究方法在前期已建立的匍枝筋骨草细胞悬浮培养体系的基础上,进一步研究了细胞培养过程中的营养消耗、次生代谢产物生成的动力学曲线;并探索了向细胞悬浮培养体系中添加L-苯丙氨酸(L-PAL)、甲羟戊酸(MVA)、α-蒎烯、松油醇、NO(硝普钠SNP)等来提高匍枝筋骨草细胞中β-EC含量。结果表明:匍枝筋骨草细胞生长符合逻辑斯蒂方程曲线“S”型,生长周期共19 d并在第11天进入细胞生长稳定期;电导率与细胞干质量、蜕皮甾酮的积累呈负相关,因而,可利用电导率的变化确定最佳细胞收获时间;多次继代会弱化细胞生产蜕皮甾酮的能力;通过将α-蒎烯、MVA、SNP联合添加于弱化的细胞中,可以显著提高细胞悬浮培养体系中β-EC的含量,联合添加的适宜组合和最优浓度为:α-蒎烯50 μL/L、MVA 10 mg/L、SNP 80 μmol/L。      

Differences in leaf yield and indigo precursors production in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) and Chinese woad (Isatis indigotica Fort.) genotypes

Isatis tinctoria L. (woad) is one of the earliest known sources of indigo in Europe where it was cultivated since the Middle Ages. Isatisindigotica Fort. (Chinese woad), widely distributed in China, had been used from ancient times as indigo-producing plant and medicinal plant. Both species produce indigo precursors indican (indoxyl β-d glucoside) and isatan B (indoxyl ketogluconate) in their leaves. In order to identify new suitable crops for indigo production in Italy, 17 woad lines were studied under field conditions in Central Italy (Pisa, 43°40′N, 10°19′E) from 2001 to 2003. We analyzed the effects of year, genotype, and harvest times together with their reciprocal interactions on leaf yield and indigo precursors production. Woad lines were then compared with seven I. indigotica lines in a field crop experiment set up in 2003. Extraction and quantification of indigo precursors were accomplished by HPLC-ELSD. Isatan B and indican content, as well as equivalent indigo and fresh/dry leaf yield, were compared between species and among genotypes.