中山杉302与母本落羽杉树皮解剖结构及周皮形成的比较

【目的】比较研究中山杉302（Taxodium hybrid Zhongshanshan 302,T. distichum ♀×T. mucronatum ♂）与母本落羽杉树皮解剖构造及周皮形成的差异,为中山杉品种选育提供依据。【方法】以25年生的同龄中山杉302和落羽杉为研究对象,采用包埋切片技术和组织离析方法观察树皮解剖构造及周皮的形成。【结果】（1）中山杉302韧皮部细胞组成类型与落羽杉相同,二者轴向系统均包括韧皮纤维（PF）、筛胞（Se）和韧皮薄壁细胞（PP）。中山杉302的细胞排列方式多于落羽杉,其细胞排列方式多数为“PF-Se-PP-Se-PF”和“PF-Se-PP-Se-PP-Se-PF”,少数为“PF-Se-PP-Se-PP-Se-PP-Se-PF”,偶见“PF-Se-PP-Se-PP-Se-PP-Se-PP-Se-PF”;而落羽杉韧皮部细胞排列方式多数为“PF-Se-PP-Se-PF”,少数为“PF-Se-PP-Se-PP-Se-PF”。（2）中山杉302和落羽杉周皮细胞组成及排列类型相同,均为2层木栓层细胞,1层木栓形成层细胞,1～2层栓内层细胞。（3）中山杉302和落羽杉每年均产生新的周皮,但形成时间及位置不同,中山杉302于8月中旬韧皮部薄壁细胞出现脱分化,8月底木栓形成层向外分生出2层木栓层细胞,向内分生出1～2层栓内层细胞,周皮产生位置距上一年周皮约5～10层韧皮纤维带;而落羽杉7月中旬韧皮部薄壁细胞出现脱分化,7月底木栓形成层向外分生出2层木栓层细胞,向内分生出1～2层栓内层细胞,周皮产生位置距上一年周皮约10～15层韧皮纤维带。【结论】中山杉302和落羽杉韧皮部细胞组成类型相同,细胞排列方式相似;周皮细胞组成及排列类型相同;新生周皮产生时间较落羽杉更晚,产生位置较落羽杉更近。     

Penetration of suberized periderm of a woody host by Phytophthora cinnamomi

The mechanisms by which Phytophthora cinnamomi zoospores infect inundated, above‐ground woody stem tissue are described. Using 4–6‐ and 18‐month‐old jarrah seedlings, the infection courts were identified and the invasion of the stems at sites of zoospore cyst binding were described. Stems were inoculated with a suspension of motile zoospores on the green stem/young periderm region. Light microscopy was used to examine penetration at sites of taxis, and fluorescent microscopy was used to examine penetration sites of seedlings with intact periderm. Two main infection courts were identified on stems: the emerging axillary shoot and the region of stem immediately surrounding an axillary shoot, where the periderm was thin or discontinuous. Invasion also occurred at sites where the developing shoot had not yet emerged but was at the stem surface. At these sites the pathogen also directly invaded through the thin‐walled phellem of the periderm surrounding the shoot. Zoospores of P. cinnamomi were not attracted to stomata on mature leaves or green stems. Penetration of the epidermal cell layer of the axillary bud leaf primordia was inter‐ and intra‐cellular; growth of hyphae in the periderm surrounding the shoot was intercellular; while in collenchyma it was inter‐ and intra‐cellular, being intercellular between polyphenolic‐rich cells. Exposed stem collenchyma was also directly invaded immediately adjacent to the young axillary shoot. Zoospores demonstrated taxis to sites of discontinuous periderm, similar to wounded areas where the outer protective layers of the plant are breached. This study presents the first evidence that P. cinnamomi is capable of intercellular penetration of suberized periderm.     

Effect of haulm destruction supplemented by cutting off roots on the incidence of black scurf and skin damage,flexibility of harvest period and yield of seed potatoes in field experiments

In field experiments, supplementing chemical haulm destruction (CHD) with cutting off roots resulted in a lower incidence of black scurf and skin damage (ripping off the skin) at harvest date than CHD alone. The lower susceptibility to skin damage at harvest allowed harvesting to beging on an earlier date, when only a few sclerotia ofRhizoctonia solani had developed. Furthermore, black scurf often developed more slowly after haulm destruction if roots had been severed and this enabled harvesting to be postponed.At harvest, gross yield was highest if roots had not been cut through prior to CHD: the extra weight existed merely of water. Weight loss during storage, however, as well as grading losses resulting from black scurf were greater after CHD alone. This resulted in an equal or even lower net yield after CHD alone than after CHD supplemented by root severing. The favourable effects of supplementing CHD with cutting off roots almost equaled those of the mechanical removal, often called haulm pulling or plant pulling. Factors that may affect the development of black scurf are discussed.Samenvatting Pootaardappelen raakten minder bezet met lakschurft en werden minder ontveld bij de oogst na looftrekken of na wortelsnijden plus doodspuiten dan na loofklappen plus spuiten. Al vanaf de derde dag na trekken of wortelsnijden plus doodspuiten was de mate van ontvelling zo gering, dat met het oogsten kon worden begonnen. Op zo'n vroeg tijdstip na loofdoding konden knollen worden geoogst met nog weinig lakschurft, want de stimulering van lakschurft werd pas zichtbaar vanaf 7 à 10 dagen na loofdoding. Lakschurft ontwikkelde zich het traagst na looftrekken. Ook wortelsnijden bij het doodspuiten gaf meestal een tragere ontwikkeling van lakschurft dan klappen plus spuiten. Daardoor konden na wortelsnijden plus doodspuiten en vooral na looftrekken op nog latere tijdstippen knollen met weinig lakschurft worden geoogst.Na klappen plus spuiten was het bruto gewicht bij de oogst het hoogst. Dat meergewicht bleek louter uit water te bestaan en het verloop in knolvochtgehalte leek erop te wijzen dat de wortels nog gedurende een week na doodspuiten blijven functioneren. Dat gaf wel knollen met een hoger vochtgehalte die meer ontvelden en meer vocht en dus gewicht verloren. Dit groter gewichtsverlies bij bewaren en de hogere leesverliezen door lakschurft deden de meeropbrengst teniet: zo werd het netto knolgewicht na klappen plus spuiten, al naar gelang het moment van oogsten, meestal gelijk aan, of lager dan het netto knolgewicht na het trekken of na wortelsnijden plus doospuiten. In dit artikel worden de factoren besproken, die mogelijk van invloed zijn op de ontwikkeling van lakschurft.     

Histology of current shoots of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. don) inoculated withCercospora sequoiae Ellis et Everhart

The histological reaction of current shoots of the Japanese cedar,Cryptomeria japonica, inoculated withCercospora sequoiae was investigated. Wound periderm was formed on current shoots of the cedar on and after the 4th day after inoculation. In the cells of the cork layer, lignin and suberin were deposited, and a phenolic substance was accumulated. In other inoculated samples, plasmolysis, contraction of the cells and necrosis of the tissues were also observed. On the 32nd day, wound perioderm and phellogen were observed in samples of the tissue inside the necrotic tissues in response to hyphal invasion. Occurrence of wound periderm and phellogen in tissues of the needles was confirmed in the inoculated samples although no hyphae were observed in and around the tissues. These results suggest that this fungus causes necrosis of host tissues and induces defense responses. A part of this paper was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1995).     

Potato cuttings as models to study maturation and senescence

Summary Single leaf cuttings with their subtended axillary buds proved to be useful models to study maturation and senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Senescence was more rapid if the cultivar was early maturing or if plants were exposed to short days before cuttings were taken. Rooting was decreased by short days before cutting; excision of the buried bud only partially overcame the effects on senescence and rooting. High rates of N to mother plants in the field delayed senescence of cuttings in a way analogous to the delayed senescence of field plants. The tuberization of cuttings from late maturing cultivars was decreased by high rates of N. The color of crisps made from bud tubers was positively correlated with the color of crisps made from ordinary tubers of the same cultivars. Sugar concentrations in bud tubers decreased as cuttings became more senescent and increased after cold storage. Bud tubers harvested while ‘immature’ had greater concentrations of reducing sugars after 90 d at 10°C than did ‘mature’ bud tubers. Paper No. 878, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University. This research was supported through HATCH project NYS161414, a contributing project to Regional Project NC150, and through HATCH project NYS161407.     

巨尾桉韧皮部周皮形成过程的研究

周皮具有重要的保护作用和商业价值,采用石蜡切片法对4年生巨尾桉韧皮部周皮形成过程的微观结构进行研究。结果表明:周皮形成于每年的2月下旬至5月上旬,距树皮外表面900μm深度附近的位置,并随树龄增长而加深。依据细胞形态结构特征和发生顺序,将周皮形成过程划分为6个阶段。(1)细胞脱分化前:将会形成周皮的位置,细胞处于相对静止状态;(2)细胞脱分化期:将会形成周皮的位置,细胞发生脱分化,逐步恢复分裂能力;(3)木栓形成层形成期:脱分化后的细胞开始分裂,形成木栓形成层并逐渐连续;(4)木栓层形成期:木栓形成层向外分生木栓层,向内分生栓内层;(5)径向伸展层形成期:木栓形成层发生径向伸展,变异为径向伸展层;(6)木栓层细胞分离期:部分木栓层细胞发生脱落,落皮层从周皮上分离。在径向伸展层形成期,木栓形成层细胞径向壁发生先破裂解体再重构的现象,为细胞伸展过程中的细胞壁化学键断裂学说提供了直观证据。     

Host resistance and influence of tuber surface on larval performance of potato tuberworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

Potato tuberworm (PTW), Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most important pests of potatoes in tropic and subtropic regions. Previous studies suggested that tuber periderm may limit larval penetration and establishment of PTW. Short term influence of parental host plant acclimatization, influence of tuber dormancy and influence of tuber periderm (the outer cork layer of tubers) on aspects of PTW biology were investigated on tubers of a susceptible commercial potato cultivar, cv. Allegany (Solanum tuberosum L.), and a resistant hybrid potato clone, Q174-2 (S. tuberosum × S. berthaultii Hawkes). Short-term parental host plant acclimatization did not affect numbers of PTW larvae on resistant and susceptible tubers. Numbers of larvae produced on tubers of Q174-2, and Allegany, were similar although larval weight was less on Q174-2 than on Allegany. Larval production increased with tuber age on both susceptible and resistant potato clones, suggesting that bud sprouts may enhance fitness by providing food and shelter for first instars prior to tuber entry. Removal of tuber periderm led to a significant increase in larval survival on Allegany and Q174-2, although proportional survival on Allegany and Q174-2 was similar to that on intact tubers, suggesting the involvement of internal rather than external periderm factors in tuber resistance of Q174-2. Weights of larvae reared on Q174-2 were consistently less than those of larvae reared on susceptible potato tubers in both intact and peeled tuber assays. Although the expression of periderm-mediated tuber resistance declines with tuber age, such resistance could significantly reduce preharvest field infestations by PTW and constitute an important component of sustainable PTW management, particularly for fresh market crops and for those potato crops stored for several months or less in the absence of refrigeration.     

施肥对丹参根结构发育及有效成分积累的影响

研究了施肥对丹参根周皮、皮层和韧皮部以及木质部的发育和有效成分丹参酮ⅡA和丹酚酸B积累的影响.结果表明,增加钾肥、磷肥的施用比例都可以有效促进周皮、皮层和韧皮部的生长发育,增加钾肥的比例更有利于木质部的生长发育.当N,P,K的质量比为1∶1∶1时有利于丹参酮ⅡA的积累,后期增施磷肥或者钾肥都有利于缓解丹参酮ⅡA含量的降低;增施钾肥有利于提高丹参中丹酚酸B的含量,改善丹参品质.     

绿盲蝽越冬卵在灵武长枣枝条的分布特征研究

针对宁夏灵武地区枣园绿盲蝽越冬卵在枣枝的分布特征不明等问题,于2018年3月初采用"Z"字形取样法调查了两块枣园样地绿盲蝽越冬卵在枣枝上的产卵位置,并分析了修剪口处越冬卵的数量及形态特征。结果表明,当年休眠期枝剪口处的平均卵量显著高于枣股及其翘皮,且2年生枝与多年生枝剪口卵量显著高于1年生枝剪口;剪口周皮部的平均卵量显著小于髓心部,但带卵率显著大于髓心部;剪口周皮部的越冬卵长度、饱满度均显著大于髓心部,剪口周皮部与髓心部的越冬卵宽度、瘪卵数均差异不显著。在管理精细无杂草的纯枣园中,休眠期修剪口处的周皮部与髓心部是绿盲蝽产卵越冬的主要场所。据此提出封闭剪口与早春整枝修剪是防治绿盲蝽危害的关键措施。     

Determination of natural and wound-induced potato tuber suberin phenolics by thioglycolic acid derivatization and cupric oxide oxidation

Summary Application of two lignin chemistry techniques, CuO oxidation and thioglycolic acid derivatization, has confirmed that natural and wound-induced suberin does have a lignin-like component. The time course of suberin phenolic deposition could be monitored by using the thioglycolic acid technique. The thioglycolic acid procedure is easily performed, can be adapted readily to multiple samples, and thus could be an effective tool for studying rates of wound-induced suberization.