从麦类种质资源中筛选大麦黄矮病毒(BYDV)抗原

用 ELISA 法鉴定了小麦近缘种赖草属(Leymus)、披碱草属(Elymus)、鹅冠草属(Roegneria)3个属的21个种,其中17个种抗 BYDV。21145份小麦品种中筛选到症状轻、病毒含量高的耐病品种忻县冬麦、江西早等29份。3604份大麦品种中筛选到症状轻、病毒含量低的抗病品种C13208、小麦近缘种(Agropyronintemedium)和普通小麦杂交的异源八倍体中4无芒,中5,远中7,陇远45、46,远中1001,忻4079以及附加系 L1。现已获得抗 BYDV 的以中4无芒、L1为亲本的杂交后代。     

Interspecific hybridization of Fragaria moschata with two diploid species, F. nubicola and F. viridis

The crosses Fragaria moschata × F. nubicola, F. moschata × F. viridis, and their reciprocal combinations were done to create tetraploids for eventual introgression into octoploid cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa via the synthetic octoploid system. The combination F. nubicola × F. moschata averaged 3.3 healthy plants/pollination, which was 2.3 times higher than the next best combination, F. moschata × F. viridis. Fragaria viridis × F. moschata crosses averaged only 0.1 healthy plants/pollination and no plants were obtained from F. moschata × F. nubicola hybridizations. The success of the F. nubicola × F. moschata crosses in this study indicated that embryo/endosperm ratios were not as important a factor in producing hybrids with F. moschata × diploids species, as previously suggested.Although 90% of pollinated flowers set fruit with an average of 19 seeds/pollination only 15% of the seeds contained healthy, white embryos and only 38% of these developed into healthy seedlings. The remaining 62% of embryos lacked pigment, had short hypocotyls or arrested development after slight expansion out of the seed coat. Only 39% of the crosses resulted in viable progenies. After one year, 27% of these hybrids bloomed and 71% of the blooming hybrids were tetraploids. All six diploid and six of the seven hexaploid accessions were successfully incorporated into 89 hybrids.     

八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交选育优质小麦新品种的研究

利用八倍体小偃麦与普通小麦杂交,经细胞学鉴定,创造异附加系和异代换系新种质。然后用这些新种质与普通小麦杂交,回交将八倍体小偃麦的优良基因导入小麦,培育出优质小麦品种早优504和小偃503。这2个小麦品种蛋白质含量分别为158和165g/kg,沉淀值分别为37.9和46.4mL,湿面筋含量分别为396和340g/kg,稳定时间分别为3.5和13.0min。综合抗病性好,成熟早,产量高。早优504平均产量5250kg/hm2,最高产量6225kg/hm2。小偃503生产试验平均产量6570kg/hm2。     

The influence of Elymus sibiricus L. genome on the diploidization system of wheat

Summary The meiotic behaviour of five tetraploid wheat strains x Elytricum fertile (2n=42 chromosomes, AABBD(SH) genomes) F₁ hybrids has been analysed. Multivalent associations were observed in the hybrids which could be attributed to Elymus sibiricus L. gene (s) somewhat suppressing the activity of the wheat homoelogous pairing control system. This interaction depends on the wheat genotype. The effect was particularly notable when Triticum turgidum var. salomonis was the wheat parent. The possibility of gene transfer from Elymus to wheat is discussed.     

几种饲用麦类作物远缘杂交的亲和性比较

以饲用黑麦、饲用六倍体小黑麦、饲用八倍体小黑麦、冬小麦的12个品种为试验材料,采用人工去雄和授粉的方法,通过2年的试验,研究了4种麦类作物远缘杂交的结实率和籽粒饱满度。结果表明:不同组合和同一组合正交和反交之间都存在显著差异,饲用小黑麦之间杂交结实率(53.86%)和籽粒饱满度(39.50%)相对较高,亲和性好;饲用黑麦和冬小麦杂交组合结实率(10.21%)低,亲和性差,但籽粒饱满度(41.20%)相对较高,远缘杂交结实率与籽粒饱满度之间相关关系不明显。试验所用12个品种按类别进行比较,同类不同品种之间的远缘杂交亲和性存在明显差异,并选择出4个亲和性相对较好的品种。     

云南八倍体割手密84-268血缘F2群体表型多样性分析

本研究以100份云南八倍体割手密84-268血缘F2群体创新种质为材料,对其株高、茎径、锤度、有效茎数、单茎重、蔗茎产量和糖产量等7个主要农艺性状进行频率分布直方图分析、遗传多样性分析、相关分析、主成分分析和聚类分析。结果表明：该群体的7个农艺性状数据表现出较好的正态分布、变异较丰富,变异系数在9.91%～50.76%之间,其中糖产量的变异系数最大达到50.76%;相关和逐步回归分析表明,蔗茎产量与株高、茎径和有效茎数呈极显著正相关,决定系数为0.9282;糖产量主要由株高、茎径、锤度、单茎重和有效茎数5个因素决定,决定系数为0.9160;主成分分析将7个农艺性状综合为3个主要成分,其累积贡献率达86.985%,其中第一主成分即蔗茎产量糖分因子是最重要的因子,其贡献率达47.615%;在欧氏距离为6.00处将100份创新材料分为3类,结果与主成分得分结果一致,其中第Ⅰ类群的7个性状指标均优异,共筛选出15个优质材料,其主成分综合得分较高,尤其值得关注的是云割F218-226-7、云割F218-226-14、云割F218-226-89、云割F218-226-48、云割F218-226-9...     

Diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid plants from anther culture of tetraploid orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata L.

This report describes a study of androgenesis in Dactylis glomerata, where the main aim was to find anther culture-responsive clones. Two types of media and two sugars were compared for their effectiveness in anther culture induction and subsequent plantlet production. Embryo formation from the cultured anthers was obtained from 28 of the 108 cloned genotypes using two different substrates, R₂M and FW. Both induction media supported the formation of embryos from the cultured anthers, but around 4.5 times more embryos (0.81 embryos per 100 anthers) were obtained with R₂M compared with FW, and R₂M also gave 5.5 times more green plants (0.054 green plants per 100 anthers) than the FW substrate. In the investigation of a carbohydrate source, responsive clones from the genotype study were tested using maltose as a substitute for sucrose in R₂M. Using maltose instead of sucrose increased embryo formation so that 133 embryos per 100 anthers were obtained compared with 7.1 embryos per 100 anthers obtained with sucrose. The total number of green plants obtained was also improved with maltose compared with sucrose, resulting in 66.3 and 1.9 green plants per 100 cultured anthers, respectively.     

二甲戊乐灵离体诱导酸枣八倍体的研究

以二甲戊乐灵为诱变剂,利用浸泡法对酸枣四倍体的茎段进行离体诱变,并采用流式细胞分析仪鉴定了形态发生变化的植株细胞染色体倍性。结果表明:二甲戊乐灵诱导酸枣八倍体的最适时间和浓度为200~300μmol/L的溶液处理8~10 d,诱变率为20.00%。在继代1次后,植株形态发生变化。继代4次后,经流式细胞仪测定为四倍体和八倍体的嵌合体。