不同植物LDOX/ANS基因的生物信息学分析

花青素是一类重要的植物次生代谢产物。本文采用生物信息学的方法对已在GenBank上登录的拟南芥、西洋梨、苹果、桃、葡萄、芥菜、菊花新品种和水稻等植物的无色花青素双加氧酶/花青素合成酶(LDOX/ANS)基因的核酸及氨基酸序列、组成成分、导肽、信号肽、跨膜结构域、疏水性/亲水性、蛋白质二级结构、三级结构及功能域等进行预测和推断。结果表明,ORF除了桃和菊花新品种为500bp左右之外,其它几种植物都在1070bp左右,分子量均为4kD左右,理论等电点均低于7,说明LDOX/ANS呈酸性。Glu、Leu和Val是这些植物共有的主要氨基酸。核苷酸同源性比对结果显示,拟南芥LDOX/ANS与其它植物LDOX/ANS的同源性较高;8个物种的LDOX/ANS基因被分为两个大类,单子叶植物水稻LDOX/ANS基因被单独分为一类,其它的均聚成一大类。研究还发现这些植物的LDOX/ANSN端不存在导肽和信号肽,无跨膜结构域,肽链表现为亲水性。蛋白质二级结构中最主要的结构元件是α-螺旋和无规则卷曲,包含一个20G-FeⅡOxy功能结构域。通过此次研究,希望为今后深入研究该类酶的功能和结构特征提供依据。     

Cloning and Expression of Gene Responsible for High-Tillering Dwarf Phenotype in Indica Rice Mutant gsor23

High-tillering dwarf mutant gsor23 was generated from an indica rice variety Indica9 radiatied by γ-ray. Genetic analysis showed that this phenotype was controlled by one single recessive gene, which was mapped within a physical distance of 386 kb between two insertion-deletion (InDel) markers C1-WT2 and C1-WT4 on the long arm of chromosome 1. There is a known gene D10 within this region, the mutation of which causes high-tillering in rice. Sequence analysis of the D10 allele in gsor23 revealed that the base cytosine (C) at the 404^th position in the coding region was deleted, which would cause frameshift mutation after the 134^th amino acids. The mutation site and indica background of gsor23 were different from the previously reported japonica mutants d10-1 and d10-2. Therefore, gsor23 is a novel allelic mutant of D10 which encodes the carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase 8 (CCD8), a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the new plant hormone strigolactones (SLs). After treatment with GR24, a synthetic analogue of SLs, the high-tillering phenotype of gsor23 was restored to normal. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that D10 expression was high in roots, but low in leaves. Compared with the wild type Indica9, the expression of the SL biosynthesis gene D10 was upregulated, while genes likely involved in the SL signal transduction pathway such as D3 and D14 were down-regulated in the gsor23 mutant.     

猕猴桃花青素合成途径基因AcCHS 和AcLDOX的克隆与表达分析

 根据物种水平上蛋白保守序列设计特异引物,扩增获得‘红阳’猕猴桃花青素合成途径中查尔酮合成酶（chalcone synthase,CHS）和无色花青素双加氧酶（leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase,LDOX）基因的特异片段,用RACE（rapid-amplification of cDNA ends）技术克隆出这两个基因的cDNA全长,长度分别为1501 bp（AcCHS）和1381 bp（AcLDOX）,分别编码389个和355个氨基酸。通过比对发现AcCHS与棉花（Gossypium hirsutum）、山茶（Camellia japonica）和黄蜀魁（Abelmoschus manihot）的CHS序列相似性较高,达到95%,与葡萄（Vitis vinifera）和苹果（Malus × domestica）的相似性分别为94%和93%;AcLDOX与山葡萄（Vitis amurensis）和葡葡的相似性分别高达94%和93%。用实时荧光定量PCR分析AcCHS和AcLDOX在‘红阳’（红肉）、‘金魁’（绿肉）和‘金农’（黄肉）3种不同果肉颜色的猕猴桃内果皮中的表达,发现AcCHS的表达量在‘红阳’果实转色期（花后65 d）较高,而在‘金农’开花后表达量呈持续下降趋势;AcLDOX在‘红阳’果实发育早期呈上升趋势,花后65 d后迅速下降,在‘金魁’果实发育后期呈明显上升趋势,在‘金农’开花后呈持续下降趋势。     

水稻白叶枯病菌酸性还原酮加双氧酶的鉴定分析

 酸性还原酮加双氧酶(ARD)催化很多原核和真核生物中的甲硫氨酸急救途径(MSP)倒数第二步。本研究鉴定了水稻白叶枯病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)中的酸性还原酮加双氧酶, 命名为xard。Xoo 菌株PXO99^A、MAFF311018和KACC10331中的xard核苷酸序列完全相同。xard基因突变菌株在甲硫基腺苷(MTA)为唯一硫源时不能正常生长。这一结果证明Xard在MSP中起作用。xard突变体和野生型菌株PXO99^A 接种水稻IR24后病斑长度数据表明该基因突变对Xoo在水稻上的毒性没有影响。     

CPB-LAR-GFP表达载体的构建及其在紫花苜蓿愈伤组织中的表达

以无色花青素还原酶编码基因LAR为靶序列,构建携带绿色荧光蛋白GFP和抗除草剂bar基因的双标记选择植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法对紫花苜蓿进行遗传转化,经PCR检测和PPT筛选出抗性愈伤组织,转基因紫花苜蓿愈伤组织的缩合单宁含量比对照高30.8%。试验证明重组基因已转化至紫花苜蓿愈伤组织中并发挥生理功能,为研究缩合单宁合成与代谢的分子调控机制和培育具有抗除草剂和抗臌胀病的牧草新品种奠定基础。     

Tyrosine‐derived 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate reacts with ketone test fields of 3 commercially available urine dipsticks

Background: The enzyme 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is key in tyrosine catabolism. Inhibition of HPPD results in tyrosinemia and increased urinary excretion of 3 phenylketones: 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPPA), 4‐hydroxyphenyllactate (HPLA), and 4‐hydroxyphenylacetate (HPAA). A previous study involving administration of a novel HPPD inhibitor to dogs resulted in detection of ketonuria in treated animals using urine dipsticks read by reflectance photometry. Dipstick‐positive results were suspected to be false because high concentrations of urinary phenylketones have been reported to react with ketone test fields of urine dipsticks, but visual confirmation was not performed. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine which of the 4‐hydroxyphenolic acids produced by HPPD inhibition react with ketone test fields of 3 commercially available urine dipsticks. Methods: Canine urine samples were prepared with HPPA, HPLA, HPAA, and lithium acetoacetate (positive control) at 6 concentrations. Unmodified urine samples were used as negative controls. All samples were tested for ketones using Combur 10 Test M dipsticks read by a Miditron dipstick analyzer. Urinalysis was also performed by visually inspecting ketone test fields on the Combur 10 Test M, Multistix 10 SG, and Aution 10 EA dipsticks. Results: Urine samples containing HPPA were positive for ketones with Combur 10 Test M dipsticks read by the Miditron analyzer and produced a red–brown color change in ketone test fields of all 3 dipsticks. Urine samples containing HPLA and HPAA were negative by all methods. Conclusion: The phenylketone HPPA reacts with ketone test fields of 3 commercially available urine dipsticks, producing a red–brown color change that may be misinterpreted as positive for ketones by reflectance photometry.     

Purification and Characterization of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase from Maize

The proposed target enzyme for benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) was purified from etiolated maize seedlings with a purification factor of 105. Enzyme activity was measured by detection of carbon dioxide formed from radiolabelled substrate. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 7·3 and an apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa, similar to that of the mammalian liver enzyme. Activity needs the presence of a reducing system glutathione/dichlorophenol indophenol or ascorbate and catalase. Surprisingly, a commercial catalase preparation of low specific activity—generally used for the enzyme assay—showed HPPD activity which was separable from the catalase activity on a gel filtration column. According to kinetic studies with purified maize HPPD, experimental herbicides from the family mentioned were strong competitive inhibitors of the plant enzyme in nanomolar range withK_i values of 5 and 15 nM for 2-(2-nitro-4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-(2-methoxyethyl) cyclohexane- 1,3-dione and 2-(2-chloro-4-methanesulfonylbenzoyl)- cyclohexane-1,3-dione (SC-0051; sulcotrione), respectively.     

万寿菊类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶基因CCD1克隆与表达分析

【目的】克隆万寿菊(Tagetes erecta L.‘Scarletade’)类胡萝卜素裂解双加氧酶基因CCD1(TeCCD1),分析其序列特征和表达特性,为阐明其在类胡萝卜素降解途径中生物学功能及进一步探讨万寿菊花色形成机理提供理论基础。【方法】依据万寿菊花蕾转录组数据,利用同源序列比对结果设计引物,结合RT-PCR技术克隆获得万寿菊CCD1 cDNA全长,分析其序列特征;利用Real-time PCR分析舌状花未开花蕾、半开花蕾、开放的头状花序和完全开放的头状花序4个不同发育时期的基因表达特性。【结果】克隆获得万寿菊CCD1(Gen Bank登录号:KX557488)的cDNA全长序列为1 746 bp,编码区长度1 626 bp,编码541个氨基酸。蛋白质分析表明TeCCD1为不稳定蛋白,不含信号肽,属RPE65超家族(登录号:PF03055),包含CCD家族保守结构域,主要定位于细胞质。万寿菊CCD1核酸序列与除虫菊CCD1同源性最高,为89%;氨基酸序列分析表明万寿菊CCD1与除虫菊CCD1同源性高达93%,与其他19个不同种属的CCD1同源性在75%—83%,说明TeCCD1是高度保守的基因;系统进化树分析显示TeCCD1的进化基本符合植物分类学的进化规律,并具有明显的种属特征,万寿菊与菊科同源基因亲缘关系最近。Real-time PCR分析表明TeCCD1在舌状花发育过程中均有表达,随舌状花的开放逐渐升高,S4期达到最大值。【结论】克隆获得万寿菊舌状花的CCD1,是典型的CCD家族成员,为高度保守的基因,主要定位于细胞质,万寿菊舌状花颜色变浅可能与CCD1表达量增加导致类胡萝卜素降解有关。