24份加拿大牧草品种引种试验

1986年我们从加拿大碧青种子公司引进牧草种子24份,其中豆科7份,禾本科17份,于当年秋播。从3年试种结果看,Glory苜蓿、Minto苜蓿、Algonquin苜蓿在北京种植,无论是产草量、种子产量、草质还是适应性均表现良好。Leo百脉根在北京可安全越冬,其特点是夏季生长繁茂,草质好,耐牧,耐践踏。Orbit长穗冰草、Chief 中间冰草、阿尔泰野麦草表现为抗寒耐旱,产草量高,但要适时利用,否则会降低饲用价值。俄罗斯野麦草、Nordan沙生冰草、草地看麦娘、猫尾草产草量一般,但草质好,春季返青早,枯黄期晚,可在京郊西部山区种植。无芒雀麦(2份)、鸭茅、牛尾草、(艹鹝)草(3份)均表现为适应性好,草质优,产草量高,是较好的禾本科牧草。白三叶、草地早熟禾可做为地被植物和草坪草。     

Detection, identification and significance of phytoplasmas in grasses in northern Australia

Sugarcane yields have been severely reduced by white leaf and grassy shoot phytoplasma diseases in many parts of Asia. Australian sugarcane crops are not known to be affected by these diseases, but plant pathogenic phytoplasmas found in other introduced and native grasses in northern Australia could pose a serious threat to the Australian sugarcane industry. To further evaluate this threat, leaves from plants of 20 grass species, with and without symptoms, were collected during field surveys in northern Australia and tested to determine whether phytoplasmas were present and whether symptoms were reliable indicators of phytoplasma presence. Molecular tools were used to detect and characterize phytoplasmas. Four different phytoplasmas were found in seven grass species known to grow near healthy sugarcane crops. All the phytoplasmas were closely related to sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma (SCWL), one of the phytoplasmas that causes disease in sugarcane in Asia. Four of the host plant species and two of the phytoplasmas were new records. The relationship between symptoms and phytoplasma presence was poor. Because some plants with symptoms tested negative for phytoplasmas, a series of surveys was carried out in which flowers, leaves, roots and stems of two known host plant species, Whiteochloa cymbiformis and Sorghum stipoideum, were tested separately on nine occasions during two wet seasons. This was done to investigate the distribution of phytoplasmas within plants over time. Results showed that spatial and temporal variation of phytoplasmas occurred in these two host plant species. Hence, evaluation of disease distribution within a region requires repeated testing of all plant parts from plants without symptoms, as well as those with symptoms. To date, there is no report of a vector capable of transmitting to Australian sugarcane the phytoplasmas found in grasses in this study. If one is present, or occurs in the future, then native and introduced grasses could constitute a large reservoir of phytoplasma for vectors to draw on. This work provides an early warning for the sugarcane industry that the potential for infection exists.     

Environmental performances of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) cultivated in fertile and marginal lands: A case study in the Mediterranean

Perennial rhizomatous grasses (PRGs) tend to have a high yield combined with a low environmental impact. Cultivation in marginal or poorly cultivated land is recommended in order not to compromise food security and to overcome land use controversies. However, the environmental impacts of using different types of soil are still unclear. We thus assessed the environmental impact of two giant reed (GR) systems cultivated in a fertile soil (FS) and in a marginal soil (MS) through a cradle-to-plant gate LCA. We analyzed energy balance, GHG emissions (including LUC, not including iLUC), and the main impacts on air, water and soil quality. In both systems the annualized soil carbon sequestration was more than twofold the total GHG emitted, equal to −6464 kg CO₂eq ha⁻¹ in FS and −5757 kg CO₂eq ha⁻¹ in MS. Overall, soil characteristics affected not only GR yield level, but also its environmental impact, which seems to be higher in the MS system both on a hectare and tonne basis. The production of GR biomass in marginal soil could thus lead to higher environmental impacts and a more extensive land requirement.     

Unravelling the relationship between a seasonal environment and the dynamics of forage growth in grazed swards

It is well reported in the scientific literature that pastures can have similar net forage accumulation when managed with contrasting structures. However, we hypothesized that the dynamics of forage accumulation in grazed swards is linked to seasonal-environmental conditions. Marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] was used as the forage species model. The experimental treatments were four grazing heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) allocated to experimental units according to a randomized complete block design with four replicates and evaluated throughout four contrasting environmental seasons (summer, autumn, winter–early spring and late spring). Under rainy and warm periods, greater net forage accumulation was observed in pastures maintained taller; on the contrary, during the mild and dry periods, net forage accumulation rate reduced as grazing height increased. Such patterns of responses were related to compensations between tiller population density and tissues flows during summer and late spring and the reduced capacity of taller canopies to compensate lower population with greater growth rates during autumn and winter–early spring. Grazed swards changed their patterns of forage growth as they transitioned from favourable to more abiotic stressful conditions, suggesting that seasonal adjustments in grazing intensities are necessary in order to maximize forage production.     

Mild Drought Stress‐Induced Changes in Yield,Physiological Processes and Chemical Composition in Festuca,Lolium and Festulolium

The impact of mild drought stress (3 weeks at 40 % field water capacity) on yield, physiological processes, accumulation of proline and phenolic compounds and forage quality parameters in forage grasses was evaluated in pot experiments. During four different growing periods, the effects of water deficit were assessed in nine varieties from five species (Lolium perenne, Lolium multiflorum, Festuca pratensis, Festuca arundinacea and Festulolium braunii). All measured parameters were affected by drought stress in the different cuts. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and dry matter yield were significantly lower in drought stress than under well‐watered conditions in all varieties. Higher water‐use efficiency was only observed during the first and fourth drought period, while this was not the case in the second and third. Mild drought stress significantly increased the content of proline, phenolic acid, flavonoids, water‐soluble carbohydrates and protein. All tested grasses showed also an increase of organic matter digestibility and cell wall digestibility under drought stress conditions.     

生草对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响

为探究不同生草模式对关中地区有机猕猴桃园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响,试验设置多年生黑麦草+毛苕子(Mode 1)、多年生黑麦草+草木樨(Mode 2)、多年生黑麦草+白三叶(Mode 3)及鼠茅草(Mode 4),以自然生草处理为对照(CK),观察草种生长特性、研究生草对果园耕层(0～20 cm)土壤养分影响,采用高通量测序法分析细菌群落结构。结果表明：鼠茅草越冬率最高,样地杂草株数最少。人工生草较自然生草有机质提高了6.46%～38.63%,以多年生黑麦草+毛苕子效果更为明显,且该处理提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性最为显著,分别为3.37、44.17和3.46 mg·d^-1·g^-1。同时,与自然生草相比,多年生黑麦草+毛苕子、多年生黑麦草+草木樨和多年生黑麦草+白三叶提高了土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,多年生黑麦草+毛苕子存在最多差异显著的细菌分支。综上,关中地区有机猕猴桃园种植多年生黑麦草+毛苕子在一定程度上有助于提高土壤有机质及养分含量,改善土壤微生态环境。     

草本园林植物耐盐性研究进展

本文分别对草本园林植物在盐胁迫下植物的形态指标和生理生化指标的反应进行了概述,探求不同植物在盐分胁迫下的适应表现如何,并进一步评价了植物耐盐品种在盐碱地对丰富园林景观起到的作用,以便为盐碱地园林植物景观的建设提供参考,对能够满足于园林绿地景观评价指标体系的构建具有现实意义。     

Inter‐specific variability in organic nitrogen uptake of three temperate grassland species

We tested the inter‐specific variability in the ability of three dominant grasses of temperate grasslands to take up organic nitrogen (N) in the form of amino acids in soils of differing fertility. Amino acid uptake was determined by injecting dual labeled glycine‐2‐¹³C‐¹⁵N into the soil, and then measuring the enrichment of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in plant tissue after 50 hours. We found enrichment of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in root and shoot material of all species in both soils, providing first evidence for direct uptake of glycine. We show that there was considerable inter‐specific variability in amino acid uptake in the low fertility soil. Here, direct uptake of amino acid was greater in the grass Agrostis capillaris, which typically dominates low fertility grassland, than Lolium perenne, which inhabits more fertile sites. Direct uptake of amino acid for Holcus lanatus. was intermediate between the above two species. Unlike in the low fertility soil, there was no difference in uptake of either ¹³C or ¹⁵N by grasses in the high fertility soil, where uptake of mineral N is thought to be the major mechanism of N uptake of these grasses. Overall, our findings may contribute to our understanding of differences in competitive interactions between grasses in soils of different fertility status.     

铺地木蓝对肇庆地区柑橘园土壤养分及细菌群落的影响

【目的】探究铺地木蓝在柑橘果园种植 1 年后对杂草、0~20 cm 土层土壤养分含量和土壤细菌多样性的影响。【方法】设置自然生草（CK1）、土壤覆盖遮草布（PD1）、土壤覆盖银黑地膜 + 种植铺地木蓝（PD2）、种植铺地木蓝（PD3）4 个处理,1 年后调查杂草种类、测定土壤理化性质（pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾）和土壤细菌群落情况。【结果】 PD2 处理土壤全氮（0.86 mg/g）、全磷（0.78 g/kg）、速效磷（23.84 mg/kg ）、全钾（11.91 g/kg）、有机质（34.82 g/kg）含量最高;PD2 处理土壤全氮和碱解氮含量比 PD1处理的分别增加了 0.37、27.43 mg/kg,PD1 处理土壤全磷含量最低（0.41 g/kg）,PD3 处理速效磷（10.67 mg/kg）和有机质（25.99 g/kg）含量最低;PD1~PD3 处理的土壤全钾含量均大于 CK1 处理,速效钾含量则相反;杂草调查结果表明 PD1、PD2 处理均可很好地抑制杂草的生长。与 CK1 相比,PD1~PD3 处理均可降低土壤细菌群落多样性,但不影响细菌群落分布均匀性。PD2 和 PD3 处理的土壤细菌群落结构和丰度较相似,表现为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）相对丰度降低,绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）、罗库菌门（Rokubacteria）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）等有益细菌的相对丰度增加;其中 PD2 处理的优势菌属为 MND1（3.47%）、Sh765B-TzT-35（4.37%）,PD3 处理的优势菌属为 MND1（4.29%）。从 PD1 处理土壤中检测到视为土壤环境恶化的标志类群异常球菌 - 栖热菌门（5.10%）。【结论】柑橘果园行间道覆盖地膜后再种植铺地木蓝的综合表现最好,可以增加土壤养分和土壤中有益细菌群落的相对丰度。     

退耕还林工程可持续发展问题研究

简要总结了我国自2002年全面启动退耕还林（草）工程以来所取得的成果．分析了还存在的工程规划不尽合理;没有建立起有效的产权制度;劣质种苗造林;未能适地适树等现象屡见不鲜;后续产业发展步履艰难等问题．为了巩固成果实现该工程的可持续发展,应采取保持政策的可持续性;政府进行宏观调控,刺激农民的参与意愿;征收生态环境补偿税;适地适树（草）提高工程质量等应对措施．