Gene genealogies support Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris as a monophyletic group

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Foc), the causal agent of fusarium wilt of chickpea, consists of two pathotypes (yellowing and wilting) and eight races (races 0, 1B/C, 1A and 2–6) of diverse geographical distribution. Six Foc isolates, one each of races 0, 1B/C, 1A, 4, 5 and 6, representing the two pathotypes and the geographical range of the pathogen, showed identical sequences in introns of the genes for translation elongation factor 1α ( EF1 α), β-tubulin, histone 3, actin and calmodulin. Eleven additional Foc isolates representative of all races, pathotypes and geographical range, and three isolates of F. oxysporum (Fo) nonpathogenic to chickpea were further analysed for sequence variation in the EF1 α gene. All isolates pathogenic to chickpeas shared an identical EF1 α gene sequence, which differed from that shared by the three Fo isolates nonpathogenic to chickpea. EF1 α gene sequences from the 17 Foc isolates and the three Fo isolates were compared with 24 EF1 α gene sequences in GenBank from isolates of 11 formae speciales of F. oxysporum by parsimony analysis. Foc isolates formed a grouping distinct from other formae speciales and nonpathogenic isolates. These results indicate that F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is monophyletic.     

Variation in the response of melon genotypes to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis race 1 determined by inoculation tests and molecular markers

Screening of genotypes of melon ( Cucumis melo ) for resistance to wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis is often characterized by wide variability in their responses to inoculation, even under carefully controlled conditions. The variability at the seedling stage of 17 genotypes susceptible to race 1 was examined in growth-chamber experiments. Disease incidence varied from 0 to 100% in a genotype-dependent manner. Using four combinations of light (60 and 90  µ E m⁻² s⁻¹) and temperatures of (27 and 31°C), only light intensity showed a statistically significant effect. Marker-assisted selection for fusarium resistance breeding using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were compared using a single set of genotypes that included 24 melon accessions and breeding lines whose genotype regarding the Fom-2 gene was well characterized. The practical value of the markers for discriminating a range of genotypes and clarifying the scoring of phenotypes was also tested using a segregating breeding population which showed codominant SCAR markers to be useful in marker-assisted selection.     

棉花枯萎病菌毒素对种子发芽和组织生长的毒害作用

用改良理查德液体产毒培养基培养棉花枯萎病菌,取其培养滤液作为毒素液。测试了毒素液对抗病、感病品种种子发芽、愈伤组织的诱导和生长的毒害作用和对幼苗的致萎作用以及对叶片电导率的影响。为毒素液应用于抗病资源的快速筛选与鉴定、体细胞抗性突变体的筛选等研究提供了可靠的参考资料。     

拮抗香蕉枯萎病菌的解淀粉芽孢杆菌LX1菌株的鉴定及其抗菌蛋白基因的克隆

收集海南不同盐碱地的土样进行拮抗香蕉枯萎病菌的微生物分离,对具有较强抑菌作用的菌株进行形态特征、生理生化和分子鉴定,并克隆其抗菌蛋白基因.结果分离到1株具有较强抑制香蕉枯萎病菌能力的细菌LXl,经鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens).抑菌实验发现LX1菌株的发酵上清液中粗蛋白有一定的抑菌作用,经过Sephacryl S-200HR柱层析、DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow离子交换层析分离纯化了其中抑菌作用最强的抗菌蛋白.质谱鉴定结果表明,抗菌蛋白与B.amyloliquefaciens FZB42内切葡聚糖酶同源性最高.根据质谱结果克隆了该抗菌蛋白的编码基因,该基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列与B.amyloliquefaciens FZB42的内切葡聚糖酶的核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别达99％和100％.拮抗香蕉枯萎病菌的芽孢杆菌LX1可作为潜在的防治香蕉枯萎病的的生防制剂,其抗菌蛋白基因也可通过遗传工程应用于香蕉枯萎病的防治.     

大蒜轮作与瓜类枯萎病发病的关系

2000～2001年在嘉兴的试验研究表明大蒜与瓜类轮作辅以休闲明显地减轻了瓜类枯萎病的危害,发病率由瓜类连作时的50%下降到10%。土壤中(干土)病原菌孢子的存活量也由瓜类连作时的14.1×104cfu/g降低到1.2×104cfu/g。同时室内抑菌试验表明,大蒜能够明显抑制病原菌菌丝的生长,5种浓度3种浸提时间的大蒜浸提液中以浸提时间为1d浓度在25g/L的浸提液对菌丝生长的抑制效果最好,达72%;浸提7d浓度为1.56g/L的浸提液抑菌效果仅为20%。因此为减轻瓜类枯萎病的损失,提倡瓜类与大蒜作物轮作并适时休闲。     

小麦赤霉病防治研究进展

综述了小麦赤霉病防治研究的国内外发展概况、发展趋势,阐明了小麦赤霉病的发生特点、状况以及综合治理现状,分析在小麦赤霉病防治中存在的问题,并提出了治理策略,明确了针对小麦赤霉病防治的具体措施及未来展望。     

北京地区西瓜枯萎病生理小种分化研究

对在北京大兴、顺义、通县等西瓜主产区采集，经单孢分离得到的８个西瓜枯萎病菌株进行了生理小种分化研究。应用国际通用的３个鉴别寄主ＳｕｇａｒＢａｂｙ、ｃｈａｒｌｅｓｔｏｎＧｒａｙ、ｃａｌｈｏｕｒＧｒａｙ和国内京欣１号、苏蜜１号２个品种，采用全国协作组统一的苗期抗病鉴定方法，进行人工接种鉴定。结果表明北京地区西瓜枯萎病菌株均系同一生理型，为西瓜枯萎病生理小种１号。     

氟乐灵处理后棉苗对枯萎病菌的抗侵入及抗扩展特性

 以1μg/g土的氟乐灵播前土壤处理,棉花出苗后移栽到无氟乐灵的土壤中并接种棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium axysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)。结果表明氟乐灵处理明显降低了棉苗枯萎病的株发病率和病情指数,提高了棉苗对枯萎病的抗病性。氟乐灵处理组棉苗根部和茎部枯萎病菌侵染率均低于对照组,特别是上部茎片段中处理组侵染率降低更为明显。氟乐灵处理组棉苗根部和茎部的菌量明显降低,而且处理组茎部菌量的增长明显滞后于对照。以上结果表明,病菌对氟乐灵处理棉苗根部的侵入和病菌在棉苗体内的纵向扩展及增殖受到了阻抑,因而氟乐灵处理后棉苗对枯萎病菌的抗性表现了抗侵入和抗扩展的特性。试验还证明,氟乐灵处理并接种病菌的棉苗茎部组织中类萜烯醛的含量明显提高;并产生一种能抑制病菌大型分生孢子萌发的真菌毒性物质。这些抑菌物质的产生和积累可能与抗扩展特性有关。     

Genetic variation and population structure of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in Australia

Genetic variation among 348 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Fov) collected from diseased cotton plants in 31 fields in six cotton-growing regions in New South Wales and Queensland in 2002 and 2004 was analysed using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Twenty-eight haplotypes were identified based on 146 polymorphic bands generated with four Eco RI and Mse I and four Hind III and Mse I primer combinations. The haplotypes separated into two distinct groups (37% similarity), with 21 in group I and seven in group II. The two unique vegetative compatibility groups of Fov known to occur in Australia (VCG 01111 and VCG 01112) were correlated to the two AFLP groups, with both VCG 01111 reference isolates being included in group I and both VCG 01112 reference isolates in group II. Group I was widespread, occurring in all regions sampled and all but one of the fields, while group II was limited to three fields in the Boggabilla region. Group I was further divided into two subgroups. The two haplotypes in subgroup I-B (I-20 and I-21) may represent the emergence of a new form of Fov based on their marked genetic discrimination from the subgroup I-A haplotypes. No spatial population differentiation was discernible at the national level, as only 3·9% of total genetic variation was attributed to differences among regions ( P =  0·4868). When each region was analysed separately, clear differentiation was found in the Boggabilla region, with 86·3% of total genetic variation resulting from differences among fields ( P <  0·0001).