Taxonomic and Bioactivity Characterizations of Mameliella alba Strain LZ-28 Isolated from Highly Toxic Marine Dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella LZT09

Microalgae host varied microbial consortium harboring cross-kingdom interactions with fundamental ecological significance in aquatic ecosystems. Revealing the complex biofunctions of the cultivable bacteria of phycosphere microbiota is one vital basis for deeply understanding the mechanisms governing these dynamic associations. In this study, a new light-yellow pigmented bacterial strain LZ-28 was isolated from the highly-toxic and harmful algal bloom-forming dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella LZT09. Collective phenotypic and genotypic profiles were obtained to confidently identify this strain as a new Mameliella alba member. Comparative genomic analysis showed that strain LZ-28 shared highly similar functional features with other four marine algae-derived M. alba strains in spite of their distinctive isolation sources. Based on the bioactivity assaying, the mutual growth-promoting effects between bacterial strain LZ-28 and algal strain LZT09 were observed. After the culture conditions were optimized, strain LZ-28 demonstrated an extraordinary production ability for its bioflocculanting exopolysaccharides (EPS). Moreover, the portions of two monosaccharides glucose and fucose of the EPS were found to positively contribute to the bioflocculanting capacity. Therefore, the present study sheds light on the similar genomic features among the selected M. alba strains, and it also reveals the potential pharmaceutical, environmental and biotechnological implications of active EPS produced by this new Mameliella alba strain LZ-28 recovered from toxic bloom-forming marine dinoflagellate.     

Characterization of Bioactivities and Biosynthesis of Angucycline/Angucyclinone Derivatives Derived from Gephyromycinifex aptenodytis gen. nov., sp. nov.

Strain NJES-13^T is the type strain and currently the only species of the newly established actinobacteria genera Aptenodytes in the family Dermatophilaceae isolated from the gut microbiota of the Antarctic emperor penguin. This strain demonstrated excellent bioflocculation activity with bacteria-derived exopolysaccharides (EPSs). Moreover, it produced bioactive angucycline/angucyclinone derivatives (ADs) and contained one type III polyketide synthase (T3PKS), thus demonstrating great potential to produce novel bioactive compounds. However, the low productivity of the potential new AD metabolite was the main obstacle for its chemical structure elucidation. In this study, to increase the concentration of targeted metabolites, the influence of cellular morphology on AD metabolism in strain NJES-13^T was determined using glass bead-enhanced fermentation. Based on the cellular ultra-structural observation driven by bacterial EPSs, and quantitative analysis of the targeted metabolites, the successful increasing of the productivity of three AD metabolites was achieved. Afterward, a new frigocyclinone analogue was isolated and then identified as 2-hydroxy-frigocyclinone, as well as two other known ADs named 2-hydroxy-tetrangomycin (2-HT) and gephyromycin (GPM). Three AD metabolites were found to demonstrate different bioactivities. Both C-2 hydroxyl substitutes, 2-hydroxy-tetrangomycin and 2-hydroxy-frigocyclinone, exhibited variable inhibitory activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. Moreover, the newly identified 2-hydroxy-frigocyclinone also showed significant cytotoxicity against three tested human-derived cancerous cell lines (HL-60, Bel-7402 and A549), with all obtained IC₅₀ values less than 10 µM. Based on the genetic analysis after genomic mining, the plausible biogenetic pathway of the three bioactive ADs in strain NJES-13^T was also proposed.     

干酪乳杆菌LC2W胞外多糖的体外免疫活性初步研究

通过细胞毒性试验和细胞增殖试验对干酪乳杆菌LC2W产胞外多糖纯化两组分G1和G2的体外免疫活性进行了初步研究,体外细胞培养试验结果表明,G1和G2均无细胞毒性,在5μg/mL~80μg/mL的浓度范围内,G1与G2对T淋巴细胞增殖的作用差异较大,G1与G2对B淋巴细胞增殖均表现为抑制作用,而且G2的抑制作用比G1强,具有明显的剂量效应,其抑制作用与浓度呈正相关。     

Antiviral activity of exopolysaccharides from Arthrospira platensis against koi herpesvirus

Although koi herpesvirus (KHV) has a history of causing severe economic losses in common carp and koi farms, there are still no treatments available on the market. Thus, the aim of this study was to test exopolysaccharides (EPS) for its antiviral activity against KHV, by monitoring inhibition and cytotoxic effects in common carp brain cells. These substances can be easily extracted from extracellular algae supernatant and were identified as groups of sulphated polysaccharides. In order to reach this aim, Arthrospira platensis, which is well known for its antiviral activity of intra‐ and extracellular compounds towards mammalian herpesviruses, was investigated as standard organism and compared to commercial antiviral drug, ganciclovir, which inhibits the viral DNA polymerization. The antiviral activity of polysaccharides of A. platensis against KHV was confirmed in vitro using qualitative assessment of KHV life cycle genes, and it was found by RT‐PCR that EPS, applied at a concentration of >18 μg mL^?1 and a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.45 of KHV, suppressed the viral replication in common carp brain (CCB) cells even after 22 days post‐infection, entirely. Further, this study presents first data indicating an enormous potential using polysaccharides as an additive for aquacultures to lower or hinder the spread of the KHV and koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) in future.     

Recent Advances in Exopolysaccharides from Paenibacillus spp.: Production,Isolation, Structure,and Bioactivities

This review provides a comprehensive summary of the most recent developments of various aspects (i.e., production, purification, structure, and bioactivity) of the exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from Paenibacillus spp. For the production, in particular, squid pen waste was first utilized successfully to produce a high yield of inexpensive EPSs from Paenibacillus sp. TKU023 and P. macerans TKU029. In addition, this technology for EPS production is prevailing because it is more environmentally friendly. The Paenibacillus spp. EPSs reported from various references constitute a structurally diverse class of biological macromolecules with different applications in the broad fields of pharmacy, cosmetics and bioremediation. The EPS produced by P. macerans TKU029 can increase in vivo skin hydration and may be a new source of natural moisturizers with potential value in cosmetics. However, the relationships between the structures and activities of these EPSs in many studies are not well established. The contents and data in this review will serve as useful references for further investigation, production, structure and application of Paenibacillus spp. EPSs in various fields.     

绞股蓝内生真菌JY25胞外多糖对蛋雏鸡生长性能和肠黏膜免疫功能的影响

试验旨在探讨绞股蓝内生真菌JY25胞外多糖(JY25P)对蛋雏鸡生长性能和肠黏膜免疫功能的影响。将300羽健康的1日龄三黄蛋雏鸡,随机分为5组(每组设3个重复,每个重复20羽):Ⅰ组为灌服无菌水的空白对照组;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组分别为灌服0.04%、0.08%和0.12%JY25P的试验组;Ⅴ组为灌服0.08%黄芪多糖的阳性对照组。结果表明:1)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅳ组蛋雏鸡平均日增重显著提高了15.86%(P0.05),料重比极显著降低了24.13%(P0.01)。2)与Ⅰ组相比,试验各阶段,Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组、Ⅴ组均能显著提高蛋雏鸡血清中新城疫抗体效价(P0.05)。3)与Ⅰ组相比,在15日龄和20日龄,Ⅳ组可以极显著增加肠黏膜白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量(P0.01),而对分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)和IFN-γ/IL-4的影响不显著(P0.05)。结果提示:灌服0.12%JY25P能改善蛋雏鸡的生长性能,提高特异性新城疫抗体效价,增强非特异性肠黏膜IL-4和IFN-γ的分泌,同时维持机体的免疫平衡,因此,该多糖具有较好的应用前景。     

Marine Polysaccharides in Pharmaceutical Applications: An Overview

The enormous variety of polysaccharides that can be extracted from marine plants and animal organisms or produced by marine bacteria means that the field of marine polysaccharides is constantly evolving. Recent advances in biological techniques allow high levels of polysaccharides of interest to be produced in vitro. Biotechnology is a powerful tool to obtain polysaccharides from a variety of micro-organisms, by controlling the growth conditions in a bioreactor while tailoring the production of biologically active compounds. Following an overview of the current knowledge on marine polysaccharides, with special attention to potential pharmaceutical applications and to more recent progress on the discovering of new polysaccharides with biological appealing characteristics, this review will focus on possible strategies for chemical or physical modification aimed to tailor the final properties of interest.     

来源于腌干鱼的乳酸菌中抗氧化酶及胞外多糖研究

为研究从腌干鱼中获取的乳酸菌在细胞内外起抗氧化作用的主要活性物质,通过测定菌株胞内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及提取胞外多糖(EPS)并测定其抗氧化性,利用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)分析其结构。结果显示,9株菌的SOD、GSH-Px和CAT的最高活性分别为44.67、15.26和1.23 U/mg prot,对应菌株为L21、L4和L21;9株菌的EPS产量为(5.71±0.18)~(50.33±1.89)mg/L,L21的EPS最高纯度为56.16%±1.08%。L21中EPS的DPPH自由基清除能力和还原能力较高,综合抗氧化能力相对较强,结构分析发现其含有甘露糖(Man)、鼠李糖(Rha)、葡萄糖(Glu)和半乳糖(Gal)等4种单糖。研究表明,分离自腌干鱼的乳酸菌中,抗氧化能力越强的菌株细胞内表现出越高的抗氧化酶活性,同时细胞外EPS的产量和纯度也较高,并且EPS也具有较强的抗氧化能力。从中筛选出一株综合抗氧化能力最强的L21,可以进一步作为生物源性抗氧化剂。     

Exopolysaccharides from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria: Diversity of Strains,Production Strategies,and Applications

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that can produce/accumulate biomolecules with industrial interest. Among these molecules, EPSs are macromolecular polysaccharidic compounds that present biological activities and physico-chemical properties, allowing to consider their valorization in diverse commercial markets, such as cosmetic, therapeutic, nutraceutic, or hydrocolloids areas. The number of microalgae and cyanobacteria strains described to produce such EPSs has increased in recent years as, among the 256 producing strains gathered in this review, 86 were published in the last 10 years (~33%). Moreover, with the rise of research on microalgae EPSs, a variety of monosaccharides compositions have been discovered, highlighting the versatility of these organisms. If some production strategies can be applied to increase EPS production yields, it appears that case by case studies are needed to promote EPS synthesis by a strain, as many responses exist. This paper proposes an up-to-date state of the art of the diversity of microalgae and cyanobacteria EPS-producing strains, associated to the variability of compositions. The strategies for the production and extraction of the polymers are also discussed. Finally, an overview of the biological activities and physico-chemical properties allow one to consider their use on several commercial markets.     

蛹虫草产胞外多糖的液体优化培养条件研究

对蛹虫草进行发酵培养基配方正交设计试验 ,经统计学分析后得出的优化培养基配方如下 :玉米粉4% ,黄豆粉 0 6 % ,酵母汁 0 3% ,K2 HPO4 0 0 5 % ,Mg SO4 0 0 5 % ,接种量 3% ,pH5 5。此培养基组合在 2 5℃培养 1 4 4h的胞外多糖产量可达 1 83g/L。碳源因子对胞外多糖的产生影响显著