蜂胶对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

将复制糖尿病模型的 72只SD大鼠随机分为模型组 ,蜂胶水提液低剂量组、高剂量组 ,蜂胶醇提液低剂量组、高剂量组和阳性对照组 (拜糖苹 ) ,另取 12只为正常组。除正常组和模型组外 ,各组分别给予不同的试验药物。给药过程中 ,每周取血一次 ,测空腹血糖 ,给药 7周后 ,取血测定空腹血糖和果糖胺。试验结果表明 ,蜂胶水提液和醇提液均能控制糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖的升高 ,并且随着时间的延长效果越来越明显。     

Ultrastructural impairment of islet microvascular endothelial cells in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice

AIM: To investigate the ultrastructural changes of islet microvascular endothelial cells in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice. METHODS: BALB/c mice were randomly divided into diabetic group and control group. The expression of insulin and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) in islet microvessels was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The ultrastructural changes of islet β cells and islet microvessels were observed under transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: Compared with control group, the number of islet β cells, ratio of β cells/α cells, average number of secretory granules in β cells and insulin expression area per islet in diabetic group were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Besides, diabetic group had fewer microvessels with lower expression of CD31 (P<0.01). Mitochondria in islet microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes in diabetic group were swelling. The basement membrane of islet microvessels became thicker in diabetic group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Islet microvascular endothelial cells were impaired in type 1 diabetic mice.     

Relationship between anti-insulin antibody production and severe insulin resistance in a diabetic cat

A 5-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis and severe insulin resistance. Although the conventional treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis was provided, the cat required frequent hospitalization because of severe dehydration and repeated diabetic ketoacidosis. We detected anti-insulin antibodies for human in this cat. Serum insulin-binding IgG levels were markedly elevated compared with those in healthy cats and other diabetic cats. We initiated prednisolone to suppress the effects of anti-insulin antibodies. After initiation of prednisolone, the cat was gradually recovered with increasing activity and appetite. Furthermore, satisfactory glycemic control was achieved with combined subcutaneous injection of insulin detemir and insulin degludec.     

MicroRNA-9-5p mediates sympathetic overactivity by targeting KCNN3 in paraventricular nucleus of rats with T2D

AIM To investigate whether microRNA-9-5p （miR-9-5p） mediates sympathetic overactivity by targeting KCNN3 （potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 3） gene,which encoded small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3 （SK3） protein, in paraventricular nucleus （PVN） of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2D）. METHODS A rat model of T2D was established by high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin. The levels of miR-9-5p and KCNN3 mRNA in PVN were detected by real-time PCR. The relationship between KCNN3 and miR-9-5p was predicted by TargetScan. Recombinant adeno-associated virus （rAAV）-miR-9-5p or KCNN3 were bilaterally microinjected into the PVN to observe the changes in plasma glucose levels and sympathetic drive indicators. The number of FosB and SK3 positive cells was measured by immunofluorescence staining. The protein expression of SK3 was determined by Western blot. The relationship between KCNN3 and miR-9-5p were confirmed by cell transfection and dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS Compared with the rats in diabetes control （DC） group, the blood glucose, sympathetic drive indexes and the level of miR-9-5p in PVN were significantly increased, while the SK3 expression in PVN was obviously reduced in the diabetes mellitus （DM） rats. After microinjecion of rAAV-miR-9-5p in PVN, the sympathetic drive indexes, blood glucose, and the number of FosB-positive cells were increased significantly, but the SK3 protein expression was significantly reduced （P<0.05）. However, up-regulation of KCNN3 in PVN had the opposite effect. These responses were obviously enhanced in DM rats compared with DC rats. The results of cell transfection and dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-9-5p bound to the 3’-UTR of KCNN3 and inhibit its expression. CONCLUSION miR-9-5p was up-regulated in PVN of the rats with T2D, and it may mediate sympathoexcitation by targeting KCNN3.     

Rapid Mining of Novel α-Glucosidase and Lipase Inhibitors from Streptomyces sp. HO1518 Using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS

A rapid and sensitive method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) was applied for the analysis of the metabolic profile of acarviostatin-containing aminooligosaccharides derived from Streptomyces sp. HO1518. A total of ninety-eight aminooligosaccharides, including eighty potential new compounds, were detected mainly based on the characteristic fragment ions originating from quinovosidic bond cleavages in their molecules. Following an LC-MS-guided separation technique, seven new aminooligosaccharides (10–16) along with four known related compounds (17–20) were obtained directly from the crude extract of strain HO1518. Compounds 10–13 represent the first examples of aminooligosaccharides with a rare acarviostatin II02-type structure. In addition, all isolates displayed considerable inhibitory effects on three digestive enzymes, which revealed that the number of the pseudo-trisaccharide core(s), the feasible length of the oligosaccharides, and acyl side chain exerted a crucial influence on their bioactivities. These results demonstrated that the UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach could be applied for the rapid identification of aminooligosaccharides and other similar structures in complex samples. Furthermore, this study highlights the potential of acylated aminooligosaccharides with conspicuous α-glucosidase and lipase inhibition for the future development of multi-target anti-diabetic drugs.     

降糖降压汤对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者脂肪因子及细胞因子的影响

目的 探讨降糖降压汤对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者脂肪因子与细胞因子的影响。方法 将糖尿病合并高血压患者100例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各50例。对照组患者行常规西药降糖降压治疗,观察组患者在对照组治疗基础上,加用降糖降压汤治疗。治疗4周后,观察两组患者治疗前后血糖、血压、血脂及血浆他扎罗汀诱导基因 2（Chemerin）、血清同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、脂联素（APN）、脑钠肽（BNP）的变化。结果 观察组总有效率为94%,对照组总有效率为76%,观察组明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗后两组血糖、血压、血清三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、Chemerin、Hcy、BNP较治疗前均明显下降（P<0.05）,且观察组比对照组下降更明显（P<0.05）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、APN较治疗前均有所上升（P<0.05）,且观察组比对照组上升更明显（P<0.05）。结论 降糖降压汤对2型糖尿病合并高血压患者的脂肪因子及细胞因子有较好的调节功效及临床疗效,值得临床推广。     

门冬胰岛素30注射液强化治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的临床观察

目的观察门冬胰岛素30（诺和锐30）注射液强化治疗Ⅱ型糖尿病的效果.方法Ⅱ型糖尿病患者86例,给予生活方式干预,包括健康教育,低热量、低脂肪饮食,中等体力活动,戒烟、限酒,血压高者给予降压等,血脂异常者给予调脂.治疗组给予诺和锐30注射液3餐前皮注（根据血糖监测结果调整胰岛素剂量）,对照组给予诺和灵30R笔芯,早、晚餐前30 min皮注.观察6个月,观察治疗前后患者的FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c及低血糖发生率的变化.结果Ⅱ型糖尿病患者用诺和锐30强化治疗后,FBG、2hPBG、HbA1c等指标均好于对照组,低血糖发生率较对照组减少,P〈0.01,经比较有统计学意义.结论对Ⅱ型糖尿病患者应用诺和锐30强化治疗,血糖平稳,低血糖发生率减低,疗效肯定.     

胰腺干细胞的研究进展

概述了胰腺干细胞的分布、胰腺的发生、胰腺干细胞的相关标记物以及胰腺干细胞的体外分离培养、增殖、分化等领域的研究进展，并对胰腺干细胞的生物学特征、体外分离培养时遇到的困难等进行了探讨，针对所遇到的困难提出了一些改进意见。     

Effects of Momordica grosvenori Saponins on Type 2 Diabetes Rats Induced by High-sucrose/High-fat Diet and Streptozotocin

The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of Momordica grosvenori saponins on improving the effect of high-sucrose/high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes in rats.The type 2 diabetes rat model was established with a high-sucrose and high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin.Successfully modeled rats were given the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori (100,200,400 mg/kg) or metformin (268 mg/kg) by gavage,once a day for 4 weeks.Recording the "three more and one less"index (24 h internal urine output,water intake and feed intake,body weight);Detecting of biochemical indicators,analysis of fasting blood glucose (FBG),serum total cholesterol (TC),triglycerides (TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),insulin (INS),catalase (CAT),superoxide dismutase (SOD),malondialdehyde (MDA),alanine aminotransferase (AST),aspartate aminotransferase (ALT),blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels.Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to observe the pathological changes of the pancreas.Compared with the model group,the feed intake,water intake,urine output,blood indicators FBG,INS,MDA,TC,TG,BUN and Cr levels,AST and ALT activities were significantly or extremely significantly decreased in the total saponins of Momordica grosvenori each dose group and metformin group (P<0.05;P<0.01),while CAT,SOD activities and HDL-C level were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01).In pancreatic tissue,the number of pancreatic cells was increased significantly,and the pathological damage of the pancreas was significantly reduced. Momordica grosvenori saponins and metformin had obvious effects on improving glucose metabolism disorders,and at the same time could significantly reduce insulin resistance,enhance the body’s ability to resist oxidative stress and improve liver and kidney functions.