Dactylospongia elegans—A Promising Drug Source: Metabolites,Bioactivities, Biosynthesis,Synthesis, and Structural-Activity Relationship

Marine environment has been identified as a huge reservoir of novel biometabolites that are beneficial for medical treatments, as well as improving human health and well-being. Sponges have been highlighted as one of the most interesting phyla as new metabolites producers. Dactylospongia elegans Thiele (Thorectidae) is a wealth pool of various classes of sesquiterpenes, including hydroquinones, quinones, and tetronic acid derivatives. These metabolites possessed a wide array of potent bioactivities such as antitumor, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. In the current work, the reported metabolites from D. elegans have been reviewed, including their bioactivities, biosynthesis, and synthesis, as well as the structural-activity relationship studies. Reviewing the reported studies revealed that these metabolites could contribute to new drug discovery, however, further mechanistic and in vivo studies of these metabolites are needed.     

雷公藤总生物碱对小菜蛾的生物活性

研究了雷公藤总生物碱对小菜蛾的杀虫活性和作用方式。结果表明，雷公藤总生物碱对2龄小菜蛾有很强的拒食、毒杀和生长抑制作用。选择性与非选择性拒食中浓度AFC50分别为42．44mg／L和46．6mg／L，72h时毒杀中浓度‰为388．5mg／L，生长抑制中浓度为EC50为123．3mg／L。     

秦岭山区204种植物对粘虫生物活性测定

以粘虫为试虫，对采自秦岭山区的204种植物样品进行了室内生物活性筛选，结果表明，供试样品中，有87种对试虫有50％以上拒食或毒杀效果，其中菊科21种、蔷薇科7种、毛茛科5种；大花金挖耳、蓼子朴、天明精、南蛇藤、遏兰菜、巴东醉鱼草等植物对试虫的拒食和毒杀效果均大于80％，值得进一步研究。     

东海水产养殖区七种海鞘优势种相关活性物质研究进展与利用前景

海鞘是主要海洋污损生物之一,对海洋生物多样性、海水养殖和生态环境都有不利影响。本文简述了中国东海几个主要水产养殖区7种海鞘优势种生物量、相关的次生代谢产物及其生物活性的研究进展,并对其利用前景进行了展望,为进一步研究开发提供依据。     

Marine Indole Alkaloids—Isolation,Structure and Bioactivities

Indole alkaloids are heterocyclic natural products with extensive pharmacological activities. As an important source of lead compounds, many clinical drugs have been derived from natural indole compounds. Marine indole alkaloids, from unique marine environments with high pressure, high salt and low temperature, exhibit structural diversity with various bioactivities, which attracts the attention of drug researchers. This article is a continuation of the previous two comprehensive reviews and covers the literature on marine indole alkaloids published from 2015 to 2021, with 472 new or structure-revised compounds categorized by sources into marine microorganisms, invertebrates, and plant-derived. The structures and bioactivities demonstrated in this article will benefit the synthesis and pharmacological activity study for marine indole alkaloids on their way to clinical drugs.     

Thraustochytrids of Mangrove Habitats from Andaman Islands: Species Diversity,PUFA Profiles and Biotechnological Potential

Thraustochytrids are the most promising microbial source for the commercial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for its application in the human health, aquaculture, and nutraceutical sectors. The present study isolated 127 thraustochytrid strains from mangrove habitats of the south Andaman Islands, India to study their diversity, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and biotechnological potential. The predominant strains were identified as belonging to two major genera (Thraustochytrium, Aurantiochytrium) based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The strain ANVKK-06 produced the maximum biomass of 5.42 g·L⁻¹, while ANVKK-03 exhibited the maximum total lipid (71.03%). Omega-3 PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) accumulated up to 11.03% in ANVKK-04, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) up to 8.65% in ANVKK-07, and DHA up to 47.19% in ANVKK-06. ANVKK-06 showed the maximum scavenging activity (84.79 ± 2.30%) while ANVKK-03 and ANVKK-10 displayed the highest antibacterial activity against human and fish pathogens, S. aureus (18.69 ± 1.2 mm) and V. parahaemolyticus (18.31 ± 1.0 mm), respectively. All strains were non-toxic as evident by negative blood agar hemolysis, thus, the thraustochytrids are suggested to be a potential source of DHA for application in the health care of human and fish.     

一种促进植物根系生长的极细链格孢菌蛋白质分离、纯化和生物功能

通过硫酸铵沉淀、有机溶剂沉淀、离子交换和分子筛连用的方法，从极细链格孢菌JH505菌株中分离纯化到分子量约为35kD的植物激发子。利用固相梯度凝胶双向电泳方法测定了该蛋白的等电点为4．22。将该纯化蛋白稀释液浸泡小麦种子8h，7d后小麦根系琥珀酸脱氢酶活性提高65．27％，经蛋白处理的小麦根长比对照提高13．1％。     

Sulfur-Containing Metabolites from Marine and Terrestrial Fungal Sources: Origin,Structures, and Bioactivities

Organosulfur natural products (NPs) refer to the different kinds of small molecular-containing sulfur (S) elements. Sulfur-containing NPs tightly link to the biochemical processes and play an important role in the pharmaceutical industry. The majority of S-containing NPs are generally isolated from Alliaceae plants or bacteria, and those from fungi are still relatively rare. In recent years, an increasing number of S-containing metabolites have been discovered in marine and terrestrial fungi, but there is no comprehensive and targeted review to summarize the studies. In order to make it more straightforward to better grasp the fungal-derived S-containing NPs and understand the particularity of marine S-containing NPs compared to those from terrestrial fungi, we summarized the chemical structures and biological activities of 89 new fungal-derived S-containing metabolites from 1929 when the penicillin was discovered to the present in this current review. The structural and bioactive diversity of these S-containing metabolites were concluded in detail, and the preliminary mechanism for C-S bond formation in fungi was also discussed briefly.     

原人参三醇及其衍生物的药学及其生物活性的研究进展

原人参三醇(PPT)是具有达玛烷型结构构成人参皂苷的3种苷元之一。大量现代研究表明,PPT及其衍生物具有广泛的生理活性。本文参考大量文献资料,综述了有关PPT提取、分离纯化、含量测定及其衍生物的生理活性的研究进展,以期为开发利用PPT及其衍生物提供有用的参考。     

印楝质杀虫剂的生物活性及作用机制研究进展

印楝质杀虫剂对昆虫有忌避、拒食、干扰生长发育、降低生殖力等多方面的生物活性。印楝质杀虫剂对不同昆虫的取食影响差异较大，鳞翅目昆虫较敏感。对不同昆虫的生长发育、生殖等方面的效应较为一致，但处理方法对效果有影响，注射处理比点滴、口服效果好。印楝质杀虫剂的作用机制包括：（1）影响触角、跗节、产卵器化上化学感受器的功能导致忌避作用；（2）影响口器上厌食及其他化学感器产生初生拒食反应；（3）作用于消化系统形成次生拒食反应；（4）障碍形态发生肽类激素的释放，影响蜕皮激素、保幼激素滴度，抑制生长发育并使生殖力下降；（5）抑制细胞分裂、损害发育中的器官组织。印楝质杀虫剂在细胞、分子生物学水平上的作用机制尚待阐明。