朱砂叶螨对两种杀螨剂的抗性遗传力及风险评估

在室内抗性培育的基础上,应用数量遗传学中的域性状分析法研究了朱砂叶螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素两种杀螨剂的抗性现实遗传力,并对两种药剂在不同杀死率下,朱砂叶螨抗性发展的速率进行了预测。结果表明,用甲氰菊酯、阿维菌素分别连续汰选16、18代后,朱砂叶螨对两者的抗性分别为28.61和4.36倍,抗性现实遗传力分别为0.2685和0.1385。在室内选择条件下,杀死率为50％～90％时,要获得10倍抗性,甲氰菊酯需要约13～6代,阿维菌素需要约28～13代。生物源农药阿维菌素的抗性风险明显低于菊酯类药剂甲氰菊酯。试验结果为朱砂叶螨抗性治理提供了理论依据。     

6种杀虫杀螨剂对桑树及家蚕的安全性评价

选用10．8％阿维·哒螨灵乳油、40％丙溴·辛硫磷乳油、90％灭多威可湿性粉剂、24％溴虫腈悬浮剂、40％辛硫磷乳油、73％炔螨特乳油,按不同浓度在夏、秋两季分别喷施桑树,用药后5、8、11、14d的桑叶饲喂家蚕。结果表明：2次喷施均未对桑树产生药害;除90％灭多威WP1250、2500和5000倍液处理区有中毒蚕、死蚕外,其它药剂处理区均未发现中毒蚕。用多数药剂喷施后5～11d的桑叶饲喂家蚕,均不同程度地影响了家蚕的全茧量、茧层量和茧层率;药后14d的桑叶对家蚕和茧质无明显影响。因此,在桑园中防治害虫时要严格按照推荐浓度来施用药剂,且尽量在喷施14d后采叶饲喂家蚕。     

15种杀虫杀螨剂对皮氏叶螨的毒力测定

采用玻片浸渍法，对15种杀虫杀螨剂对香蕉皮氏叶螨的室内毒力进行了测定。结果表明：供试药剂中以阿维菌素对皮氏叶螨的雌成螨的毒力为最高，LC50为0.005 5 mg/L，其次为鱼藤酮，LC50为0.017 3 mg/L，毒力最低的为吡虫啉，LC50为113.101 4 mg/L；15种供试药剂对皮氏叶螨的毒力大小顺序依次为：阿维菌素＞鱼藤酮＞唑螨酯＞哒螨灵＞毒死蜱＞辛硫磷＞高氯苯＞联苯菊酯＞功夫＞螺螨酯＞甲氰菊酯＞丙溴磷＞敌敌畏＞炔螨特＞吡虫啉。     

5种杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨的毒力测定及田间药效

用Potter喷雾法测定阿维菌素尧哒螨灵、噻螨酮尧螺螨酯和乙螨唑对荔枝叶螨成螨的室内毒力,并通过田间药效试验评价5种药剂对荔枝叶螨的防治效果。结果表明,阿维菌素和哒螨灵对荔枝叶螨成螨的致死中浓度LC50分别为0.18799 、1.05426mg/L,噻螨酮、螺螨酯和乙螨唑3种杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨成螨无效。田间药效试验结果表明,5%阿维菌素乳油、15%哒螨灵乳油和5%噻螨酮乳油对荔枝叶螨的速效性较好,而240 g/L 螺螨酯悬浮剂和110g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂速效性较差,药后2d,供试药剂各处理中15%哒螨灵乳油1765倍处理的防效（90.00%）最高,而110g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂6500倍处理的防效（57.04%）最差;药后7d,供试药剂各处理的防效均达到89%以上;药后15d,除5%阿维菌素乳油处理外,其余药剂处理的防效均达到100.00%,5%阿维菌素乳油8333倍处理防效（91.31%）最差,供试的5种药剂均能达到防治要求,持效期长,可用于荔枝叶螨的防治。     

七种药剂对朱砂叶螨室内毒力测定及田间药效试验

用7种药剂对蔬菜上朱砂叶螨的室内毒力和田间药效进行测定。结果表明:7种药剂中杀螨活性最高的是抗生素类-阿维菌素和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐,24h时LC50分别为0.1300和0.7118mg/L;唑螨酯和哒螨灵的效果次之,LC50分别为1.4808和3.1586mg/L;螺螨酯的敏感性最低,24h时LC50为1 181.4348mg/L;田间试验结果表明:1.8%阿维菌素乳油、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油和15%哒螨灵乳油对朱砂叶螨的防效都非常好,2d的防效均达98%以上,14d的防效为100%。40%炔螨特乳油和5%唑螨酯悬浮剂在药后7和14d的防效达99%以上;240g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂表现出速效性稍低,持效性良好,药后14d防效为99.94%。     

Recent developments in ectoparasiticides

The sales and use of ectoparasiticides for the control of arthropod parasites of domestic animals constitute a major sector of the global animal health market. Animals are infected by a number of parasitic insect and acarine species causing major economic losses in production livestock, intense irritation and skin disease in companion animals, or public health issues, including bites of humans or zoonotic disease transmission. Dog and cat fleas, for example, can be a serious source of both animal and human irritation, which has led to a rapid expansion in the development of flea control products. The control of ectoparasite infections of veterinary importance still relies heavily on the use of chemicals that target the arthropod nervous system. Such compounds have suffered from a number of drawbacks, including the development of resistance and concerns over human and environmental safety. The search for safer technologies has, however, been hindered by the limited number of active target sites present in arthropods and, to some degree, by the ever-increasing costs of research and development of compounds with novel modes of action.This review provides a background to the currently available groups of ectoparasiticide compounds used in veterinary medicine and highlights some of the more recent developments including the introduction of insect growth regulators and new and improved methods of product application.     

A New Group of Plant-Derived Naphthoquinone Pesticides

A series of compounds with structures based on insecticidal/acaricidal naphthoquinones isolated from Calceolaria andina has been synthesised. A feature of the series is the lack of resistance shown by strains resistant to established classes of pesticides. The importance for activity of the tetra-substituted carbon atom in the side-chain, as observed in the natural products, has been investigated. In analogues with acyclic side-chains the position of the tetra-substituted carbon for optimum activity was dependent on the length of the side-chain. With cyclic side-chains, activity was dependent on the size of the ring, the number and position of the substituents therein. Activity of the compounds examined was particularly high against Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae in direct-contact tests, but was much lower than expected in leaf-dip tests. A partial improvement based on formulation has been demonstrated. © 1997 SCI     

Acaricides and their residues in Spanish commercial beeswax

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this work was to determine residues of acaricides in recycled Spanish beeswax. RESULTS: Chlorfenvinphos, fluvalinate, amitraz, bromopropylate, acrinathrin, flumethrin, coumaphos, chlorpyrifos, chlordimeform, endosulfan and malathion residues were determined by GC‐µECD/NPD/MS detection. Owing to the extreme instability of amitraz, this analyte was transformed into the stable end‐metabolite 2,4‐dimethylaniline, later derivatised with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and determined by GC‐µECD/MS. Recoveries from spiked samples ranged from 86 to 108%, while quantification limits varied from 0.10 to 0.30 mg kg^?1 using GC‐µECD/NPD, and from 12 to 85 µg kg^?1 by GC‐MSD. Of a total of 197 samples analysed, only eight samples (4%) were free of residues of chlorfenvinphos (0.019–10.6 mg kg^?1), fluvalinate was present in 93.6% of samples analysed (0.027 –88.7 mg kg^?1), while coumaphos was confirmed in only five of the 134 samples analysed at concentrations of less than 195 µg kg^?1. The remaining acaricides were identified with different levels of incidence at concentrations from 12 to 231 µg kg^?1. CONCLUSIONS: Residues of acaricides were found in an extensive number of beeswax samples. The contamination with chlorfenvinphos and tau‐fluvalinate was very relevant, particularly as chlorfenvinphos is not legally authorised for use in beekeeping. The possible impacts of the main acaricides detected on larval and adult honey bees are discussed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Status and outlook for acaricide and insecticide discovery

To guarantee sustainability and progress, the agrochemical industry is faced with several major challenges. Currently, loss of active ingredients due to consumer perception, changing grower needs and ever‐changing regulatory requirements is far higher than the number being introduced into the market. Therefore, there is a need to develop new products that can provide improved efficacy, selectivity and favorable environmental profiles. Strategies to achieve these goals are the search for acaricides and insecticides with new modes of action, or the discovery of novel molecules with activity on the most attractive target sites having resistance breaking properties against pest species. In this context, the introduction of halogen atoms or asymmetric centers into an active ingredient remains an important tool to modulate their properties, but so too is the pro‐pesticide concept. This review gives an overview of agrochemicals launched over the past 8 years, reflects new insights into known mechanisms of action, and describes the status and outlook for acaricide and insecticide discovery.