小麦基因克隆研究进展

小麦的基因克隆研究主要集中在品质、抗病、抗逆性、光合、春化等几个方面。在品质方面，已克隆了编码小麦高、低分子量谷蛋白亚基的基因、小麦淀粉合成酶基因及编码黑麦碱的基因；在抗病、抗逆性方面，已克隆了6个与白粉病有关的cDNA、几丁质酶和β-1，3-葡聚糖酶基因、抗小麦根节线虫基因、盐胁迫应答基因、水分胁迫诱导基因、与重金属解毒有关的基因；另外，还克隆了小麦叶绿体基因组中与光合作用有关的psbA基因和与春化有关的基因Vrc79、Vrc54、Vrc203、Vrcl7、Vrc28等。在小麦中还克隆到一个GTP结合蛋白的cDNA克隆、EIF转录因子的cDNA克隆及异构酶基因家族FKBP73基因的启动子序列。     

甘肃小麦品种主要春化和光周期基因的组成和分布

为了明确甘肃小麦春化和光周期基因的分布特点,利用STS标记对96份品种的主要春化基因位点VRN-A1、VRN-B1、VRN-D1、VRN-B3和光周期基因PPD-D1位点的等位变异组成进行了检测和分析。结果表明,在甘肃小麦品种中,春化和光周期基因等位变异组合存在11种类型,每种类型的分布频率不同。其中,Ppd-D1a类型频率最高,Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a次之。在春麦生态区存在11种组合类型,其中VrnA1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a频率最高,Ppd-D1a次之。在河西灌溉春麦区、中部干旱春麦区与洮岷高寒春麦区频率最高的组合类型分别为Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、Vrn-A1/Vrn-B1和Ppd-D1a。与春麦生态区相比,冬麦生态区不存在春化基因显性变异Vrn-A1,且仅存在Ppd-D1a、Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a、Vrn-D1/Pp-D1a三种类型的等位变异组合,其中,Ppd-D1a类型频率最高,Vrn-B1/Ppd-D1a次之。在陇南冬麦区、渭河上游冬麦区、泾河上游冬麦区中,基因组合类型Ppd-D1a均占主导地位,分布频率依次为46.2%、93.6%和100%。     

低温春化过程中萝卜幼苗生长点的生理生化变化

采用常规方法和酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)分别测定了耐抽薹和不耐抽薹两个萝卜品种低温处理(春化)过程中顶端生长点的可溶性蛋白等生化指标和赤霉素(GAs)等激素含量的变化。结果表明,低温处理过程中,抽薹性差异较大的两个品种可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖含量变化趋势基本一致。可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量总体表现为逐渐升高的趋势,而可溶性糖含量则呈下降趋势。耐抽薹的萝卜品种长春大型,其可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量明显低于短叶十三,游离氨基酸含量则相反。两品种赤霉素(GAs)、生长素(IAA)的含量在花芽分化开始时均有较明显的峰值,在处理后期又出现另一明显峰值。     

Relationship between vernalization requirement and winter hardiness in doubled haploids of barley

Summary Progeny lines of chromosome-doubled haploids from crosses between one winter and four spring barley varieties were analysed for winter hardiness and vernalization requirement in the field. About one quarter or less of the offspring lines required vernalization under field conditions showing that winter versus spring habit of growth is controlled by at least two pairs of genes. The vernalization requirement could be measured quantitatively by testing a few plants in a greenhouse after artificial cold treatment during germination. The individual winter lines tested required from two to seven weeks of vernalization in order to flower as early as possible. The cold treatment had no effect on the time of flowering in the spring lines.Winter hardiness varied from zero to 100% plant survival in the field. The majority of the lines requiring vernalization survived better than 90% and the survival of the rest was at least 60%. The winter survival of the spring lines varied from zero per cent (about one third of the lines) to 100%. Hence, it is possible to obtain lines of good winter hardiness without requirements for cold treatment. Conversely, a selection for vernalization requirement has a positive effect on winter hardiness.     

Deferring flowering of nobile dendrobium hybrids by holding plants under low temperature after vernalization

Orchids are currently the most valuable potted crop in the United States. To date, no studies focused on making possible the year-round greenhouse production of flowering nobile dendrobium orchids. This experiment was aimed at developing a strategy to defer flowering of nobile dendrobium orchids by holding them under low temperature. Mature Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’ and Den. Sea Mary ‘Snow King’ were held at 10 °C for various durations (0, 4, 8, 12 or 16 weeks) after vernalization (4 weeks at 10 °C). Plants were forced in a greenhouse after holding. Time to flower, flower differentiation (flowering node percentage, number of aerial shoot and aborted bud) and flower quality (total flower number, flower diameter, flower number per flowering node and flower longevity) were determined. Increase of low temperature holding duration from 0 to 16 weeks extended time to flower up to 3 months and did not affect parameters of flower except producing larger flowers and reducing flower number per flowering node for Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’. Notably, the flower longevity was not adversely affected. Defoliation was aggravated in Den. Red Emperor ‘Prince’ by longer duration of cooling and was considered a detrimental effect of low temperature holding.     

北方强冬性小麦田间春化和在贵州种植的可能性

本文以贵阳、北京两地1982—1985年秋播试验为依据,阐明北方强冬性小麦品种在两地均能通过春化反应正常成熟,在冬季短日配合下,冬小麦可以在较宽范围低温条件下通过春化阶段,短日对春化有促进作用。北方强冬性小麦在贵阳的生育期比北京短,某些性状似优于北京点的表现,为贵州开发利用冬型品种,提出了可行性依据。     

环境温度对阔叶慈姑发育的影响

研究表明,环境温度为影响阔叶慈姑发育的主导因素.在相同的栽培条件下,植株经过8周的5～15℃低温环境处理,可于春季里分化花芽,当绽蕊后,部分植株能够结出果实.没有经低温处理的阔叶慈姑始终未见花芽分化,依然保持着营养生长状态.     

小麦春化过程中蛋白质变化的研究

本研究对三个发育特性不同的小麦品种进行春化、脱春化处理,经凝胶电泳分析表明,在春化过程中,冬小麦可溶性蛋白质含量不仅增加,而且有新蛋白质产生。英国Mercia品种与中国京841都产生53．2kd、46kd两种新的蛋白质且在春化、脱春化中稳定存在,这两种蛋白质正是春小麦有而冬小麦未经表化没有的,表明这两种蛋白质的产生与冬性小麦春化过程密切相关。     

普通小麦春化处理过程中wcor14a基因的表达分析

为进一步完善普通小麦春化特性理论基础,从不同春化特性小麦品种RNA-Seq结果中筛选得到一个春化诱导上调表达的EST序列Unigene3230,经NCBI比对与小麦wcor14a基因序列一致。为进一步明确该基因在春化过程中的功能,利用荧光定量PCR分析了wcor14a基因在非生物胁迫下的表达特性,结果显示,wcor14a基因能够响应低温、ABA、干旱等非生物胁迫。对wcor14a基因在不同春化发育特性小麦品种中的表达分析表明,该基因在不同发育特性小麦品种中的表达总体表现为春性半冬性冬性强冬性,而且表达时间表现为冬性和强冬性早于春性和半冬性。     

春化条件对耧斗菜抽薹开花的影响

试验以耧斗菜(Aquilegia Caerulea)为研究对象,采用二因素完全随机设计。试验设苗龄和低温天数两个因素,苗龄设6叶,9叶,12叶和15叶四个水平;低温天数设0d,7d,14d,21d,28d和35d六个水平,每个处理12盆。试验对上述不同苗龄的耧斗菜植株进行了不同天数的(5±2)℃低温处理,低温处理结束后放置自然条件下生长。用HOBO采集环境温度数据,观察并记录抽薹现蕾时间,同时测量并记录开花质量(花茎高度、花径、单株花量)。试验结果表明:耧斗菜9叶苗龄即可感受低温,12片真叶为最适苗龄,35d为此阶段最佳低温处理天数;凡通过春化的植株无论苗龄大小,低温处理时间长短,开花进程及开花质量表现一致。