七种与小麦近缘的野生植物对禾谷缢管蚜抗性的生化机制

研究了7种与小麦近缘的多年生野生植物长穗偃麦草Elytrigia elongata、费尔干偃麦草E. ferganensis、垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans、华山新麦草Psathyrostachys huanshanica、竖立鹅观草Roegneria japonensis、鹅观草R. kamoji和R. tsukushiensis对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi抗性的生化机制.禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率(rm)与叶片游离脯氨酸和蛋氨酸含量呈极显著和显著正相关,其逐步回归方程为:rm=-0.0198 0.1930X脯氨酸** 0.3350X蛋氨酸* ;总酚含量与禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率无显著相关关系;丁布含量与内禀自然增长率呈极显著的负相关(r=-0.941**,p<0.01).低含量的游离脯氨酸﹑蛋氨酸及高含量的丁布是小麦近缘多年生野生物种抗蚜的重要生化因子.     

4种禾本科小麦族植物微观形貌特征的比较(英文)

[Objective] This study was to investigate the difference in microscopic features of pollen grain and stoma of four triticeae species, as well as the relationship between the sizes of pollen grain and stoma, and the chromosome ploidy. [Method] Comparison of the micro-morphological characteristics of pollen grain and leaf epiderm among diaploid Thinopyrum elongatum, Elytrigia intermedia, hexaploid Triticum aestivum and octoploid Tritielytrigia types were carried out by observation under scanning electronic microscope(SEM). [Result] There were some differences among the four species in the micro-morphology, the size, the surface protuberance, the germ pore of pollen grain and the leaf epidermal stoma, in which diploid Thinopyrum elongatum was obviously different from the other three. Diploid, hexaploid and octoploid species of triticeae had remarkable differences in micro-morphological characteristics of pollen grain and stoma. However, some differences between hexaploid species and octoploid species were not significant. [Conclusion] Some microscopic characteristics of pollen grain and stoma could be used as the evidence to identify diaploid, hexaploid and octoploid spieces whose chromosome ploidy are hugely different.     

不同基因型麦糠对受体植物幼苗生长的化感效应

为了高效利用麦糠覆盖还田技术,采用室内生物检测的方法比较了7份不同基因型麦糠材料对生菜、马齿苋、谷子和玉米4种受体植物的化感效应。结果表明,不同基因型麦糠材料的化感作用与麦类作物的不同物种麦糠的化感作用平均表现均存在变异性和选择性。7份基因型麦糠对生菜、马齿苋、谷子和玉米幼苗总体表现为抑制作用,抑制率分别为51.0%～82.0%、17.0%～56.0%、11.0%～31.0%和2.0%～30.0%。麦糠材料抑制作用强弱顺序依次为:野生一粒小麦>法国黑麦>栽培二粒小麦>陕160>栽培一粒小麦>宁冬一号>野生二粒小麦;其中生物测试受体对麦糠的敏感性顺序依次为生菜>马齿苋>谷子>玉米。麦类作物中一粒小麦和二粒小麦抑制作用趋同,而黑麦和普通小麦抑制作用相近,但二粒小麦和现代小麦麦糠覆盖分别能促进谷子和玉米幼苗的生长。4类麦类物种麦糖总体表现为抑制作用,强弱顺序依次为:黑麦>一粒小麦>二粒小麦>普通小麦。对生菜、马齿苋、谷子和玉米4种受体植物的麦糠化感生物评价进行二次曲线回归分析发现,各测试材料的麦糠化感作用的影响因子之间均存在显著相关性,表明4个测试生物受体对不同基因型麦糠材料的化感作用及其4类麦类作物物种的麦糠化感作用平均表现均能准确地得到评价。     

镉诱导麦类作物氧化胁迫及其缓解途径

镉 (Cadmium ,Cd)对植物引起的氧化胁迫是Cd毒害的重要原因之一。综述了Cd诱导麦类作物氧化胁迫效应以及麦类作物对Cd氧化胁迫的相应防御反应 ,如抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化物含量的变化等 ,并介绍了缓解Cd诱导的氧化胁迫的机理和途径。     

加拿大披碱草×披碱草杂种F1的生育及细胞遗传学研究

研究加拿大披碱草与披碱草种间杂种 F1 的生长、形态、花粉育性和细胞学。结果表明 ,杂种 F1 生长势明显超过双亲 ,平均株高 14 9.31cm,穗型呈双亲中间型 ,株型偏向母本 ,生育期偏向父本 ,花粉可育率 1.71% ,自然结实率0。杂种 F1 为五倍体 (2 n=5 x=35 ) ,其 PMCM 平均染色体构型为 19.0 14 +7.4 5 +0 .2 8 +0 .0 2 ,后期 有落后染色体和染色体桥等不规则现象     

Conservation of marker synteny during evolution

Summary An aspect of cereal science that is becoming increasingly important is comparative genetics. Establishment of the relationship between genomes within polyploids, between species within tribes and between species within families will allow not only the integration of genetic maps but also the knowledge acquired of each of the species. Using a set of homoeologous probes, workers found the relationship between the three wheat genomes to be precisely collinear, after taking a few major translocation events into account. Transfer of the wheat map to rye led to the elucidation of similar relationships between the three wheat genomes and that of rye. Genome collinearity, however, extends even beyond tribes. In a comparison of the genomes of wheat, rice and maize, it was shown that despite the separation of these genomes for possibly 50 million years, gene order was still highly conserved. This collinearity between genomes can be exploited in a number of ways.     

小麦近缘植物生态分布与抗禾谷缢管蚜的关系

对小麦族野生近缘植物18个属96个种（变种、亚种）269份材料进行了抗禾谷缢管蚜（Rhopalosiphum padi L.)鉴定。在10属50种多年生材料中,偃麦草（Elytrigia repens)、长穗偃麦草（Et.elongata)、费尔干偃麦草（Et.ferganensis)和窄颖赖草（Leymus angutus)表现为高抗;在鉴定的7个属41种（变种）一年生材料中,高抗材料均存在于山羊草属（Aegilops),其中欧山羊草（Ae.biuncialis)、小亚山羊草（Ae.columnaris)、小伞山羊草（Ae.umbellulata)、钩刺山羊草（Ae.triuncialis)抗性最强。分析表明小麦近缘野生植物对禾谷缢管蚜产生的高抗变异是与它们分布的温暖干旱的生态环境有关。     

小麦近缘野生植物营养水平与抗禾谷缢管蚜的关系

报道了长穗偃麦草(Elytrigiaelongata)、费尔干偃麦草(Elytrigiaferganensis)、垂穗披碱草(Elymusnutans)、华山新麦草(Psathyrostachyshuanshanica)、竖立鹅观草(Roegneriajaponensis)、鹅观草(R.kamoji)和R.tsukushiensis7种小麦近缘野生种可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸和水解氨基酸含量与抗禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphumpadi)的关系。结果表明,禾谷缢管蚜内禀自然增长率(rm)与可溶性蛋白质含量呈极显著的正相关(r=0.899,P<0.01),与游离脯氨酸和蛋氨酸含量呈显著和极显著的正相关;与水解氨基酸总量、甘氨酸和酪氨酸含量也存在相关关系。     

Specific Variation in Shoot Growth and Root Traits Under Waterlogging Conditions of The Seedlings of Tribe Triticeae including Mizutakamoji (Agropyron Humidum)

Abstract

Waterlogging Stress is An Important Limiting Factor For Wheat and Barley Production. Waterlogging Tolerance Was Evaluated in The Seedlings of Seven Species From The Tribe Triticeae, including Wheat, Barley, Durum Wheat, Rye (Diploid and Tetraploid), Triticale, Einkorn Wheat, and Mizutakamoji (Agropyron Humidum), To Acquire Basic information About Their Variation in Waterlogging Tolerance and To Elucidate Opportunities For Genetic Improvement of Waterlogging Tolerance in Cultivated Wheat and Barley. The Seedlings At The One Leaf Stage Were Subjected To Waterlogging For 0 (Control: Ct) Or 12 Days (Waterlogging: Wt) in Plastic Cups (12 Cm Tall, 8 Cm in Diameter), and The Morphological Traits of Shoots and Roots Were Measured. Shoot Dry Weights (Dw) of Wheat (Cv. Norin 61) and Barley (Cv. Benkeimugi) Were Lower Under Wt By 73% and 59%, Respectively, Than Those in Ct. of All The Evaluated Genotypes, Only A. Humidum SHowed No Reduction in Shoot Dw Under Wt. The Relative Shoot Dw (W/C in Shoot Dw; Proportion of Shoot Dw in Wt To That in Ct) Was Significantly Correlated With Relative Root Dw (W/C in Root Dw). The W/C in Root Dw Correlated Significantly With W/C in The Number and Length of Adventitious Roots, and With W/C in Frequency of Branching Roots On The Seminal Root, Suggesting That Development of Adventitious Roots and Branching Roots Under Wt Might Be Related To Waterlogging Tolerance in Tribe Triticeae. The Results of This Study indicated That Wild Species of Tribe Triticeae, Such As A. Humidum, Might Be Useful Resources To Analyze Waterlogging Tolerance in Cultivated Wheat and Barley.     

Identification of a new family of tandem repeats in Triticeae genomes

A new family of cereal tandem repeats was isolated, characterised and designated as spelt-1. The family of repeats comprises about 2% of the Aegilops speltoides genome; however, its content differs considerably in the genomes of various Triticeae species. Copy number of the constituent sequence, relative to Ae. speltoides, proved to be 40-60 times reduced in the genomes of tetraploid wheats, 400-fold reduced in the genome of Triticum monococcum, and 1200-2400 times in the genomes of the other 19 Triticeae species studied. Drastic difference in the copy number and homology extent of the spelt-1 family sequences between Ae. speltoides and other diploid species allows the utilisation of these sequences as species-specific telomeric markers for Ae. speltoides, provided stringent hybridisation conditions apply. RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) analysis of spelt-1 reveals polymorphism between the above species. This study of spelt-1 organisation in different Triticum species provided further substantiation of the polyphyletic origin of the B genome of polyploid wheat. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.