接种蚯蚓与添加有机物料对茶园土壤结构的影响

蚯蚓通过取食、排泄、分泌黏液、挖掘洞穴等活动,可显著改善土壤结构,提高土壤肥力。为探究蚯蚓与有机物料不同配施方式对茶园土壤肥力的调控效果与机理,设计5个处理组:不施肥(CK),不施肥+蚯蚓(BE),菜籽饼+蚯蚓(CE),茶树修剪物+蚯蚓(JE),生物质炭+蚯蚓(TE),分别进行室内模拟实验。结果显示,与不施肥(CK)相比,接种蚯蚓(BE)处理使土壤的总碳含量呈升高趋势;添加有机物料(CE、JE、TE)三个处理的土壤的全碳、全氮含量、有机质含量均高于BE组,其中TE处理最高。单独接种蚯蚓处理可提高土壤总有机质含量,接种蚯蚓配施有机物料对提高土壤肥力有明显作用,其中茶生物质炭与蚯蚓共同作用效果最好。经过3个月的培养,5个处理中土壤pH均呈降低趋势,其中BE组pH降低最大(6.81到5.82)。在采用同步辐射红外显微成像技术(SR-FTIR)对土壤微团聚体中矿物-有机复合体进行表征后,结果显示土壤团聚体中多糖、蛋白质、脂肪和黏土矿物均呈高度异质性分布,CE和JE组中黏土矿物与大分子有机物具有较高的分散性;黏土矿物与多糖的分布模式较为相似,而黏土矿物与蛋白质类物质、脂肪的分布模式有较大差异,且这种分布模式不受蚯蚓与有机物料互作的影响。各处理土壤团聚体的黏土矿物和有机官能团的相关性决定系数R2由小到大均依次为:黏土矿物-蛋白质、黏土矿物-多糖、黏土矿物-脂肪,表明黏土矿物与大分子有机物的亲和性有差异,且不受蚯蚓与有机物料互作的影响。     

同步辐射软X射线对家蚕生理生化性状的影响

采用一定剂量同步辐射（ＳＲ）软Ｘ射线辐照催青卵及蚕蛹,利用ＰＡＧＥ对蚕卵及蛹子代的蛋白质和酯酶同工酶进行分析,结果发现谱带数目及活性的变化,茧质调查与对照相比也有差异。首次证明ＳＲ软Ｘ射线对家蚕的生理生化性状有一定影响     

日本鳗鲡幼体的耳石微化学分析及其环境指示元素筛选

在长江口日本鳗鲡鳗苗捕捞汛期,于长江靖江段采集日本鳗鲡幼体,采用同步辐射X射线荧光(XRF)定量分析方法测定了幼体矢耳石中14种元素的含量,分析了在海洋与淡水早期生活史阶段的微化学特征。结果显示,耳石中Ca和Sr为常量元素,Ba、Fe、Mn、Zn的含量也在1-10μg/g之间,Cr、Ni、Se、Co、Cu、Au则在1 mg/g以下。Ni、Cu、Mn、Cr、Co、Zn和Sr含量的稳定性较好,变异系数在30%以下;Se、Au的含量低且极不稳定,变异系数达40.8-75.0%;Fe在不同个体间存在显著的含量差异(p=0.007<0.05),但其他元素不存在个体差异。在海洋生活史阶段,Mn、Se、Co、Ba为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Sr、Fe、Zn、Ni、Cu为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000)。除Sr、Ba和Se外,卵黄囊期和柳叶鳗期的耳石富集系数并无显著差异(p>0.05)。在淡水生活史阶段,Sr和Co为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Se、Zn、Cu、Ba、Mn为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000),Ni、Fe为低富集元素(BCFa-e在10~100)。与海水阶段相比,耳石在淡水阶段的Fe、Ba、Mn、Se、Co、Ni富集系数均大幅减小,而对Sr、Zn、Cu的富集能力有所增大。分析表明,耳石内的Sr、Ba、Ni、Co为环境强响应元素,Fe和Mn为环境弱响应元素,Zn、Cu和Se为环境负响应元素,幼鳗自海洋至淡水的迁徙过程中,前者存在明显的时滞效应,但后两者的日间含量波动较大,缺乏响应的规律性。本文认为,用作鱼类迁移行为或栖息地环境变化的指示元素,需要具备耳石富集效应强、时滞效应小、不同环境间含量差异大、稳定性好、且为非必需元素等特点。从本研究结果看,只有Sr和Ba两种元素符合这些条件 。     

Synchrotron SAXS study on the micro-phase separation kinetics of segmented block copolymer

The phase transition behavior and isothermal micro-phase separation kinetics of polyester-based thermoplastic elastomer were studied using the synchrotron X-ray scattering (SAXS) method. The structural changes occurring during heating period were investigated by determining the changes of the one-dimensional correlation function, interfacial thickness and Porod constant. Based on the abrupt increases of the domain spacing and interfacial thickness, a major structural change occurring well below the melting transition temperature is suggested. Those changes are explained in terms of melting of the thermodynamically unstable hard domains or/and the interdiffusion of the hard and soft segments in the interfacial regions. SAXS profile changes during the micro-phase separation process were also clearly observed at various temperatures and the separation rate was found to be sensitively affected by the temperature. The peak position of maximum scattering intensity stayed constant during the entire course of the phase separation process. The scattering data during the isothermal phase separation process was interpreted with the Cahn-Hilliard diffusion equation. The experimental data obtained during the early stage of the phase separation seems to satisfy the Cahn-Hilliard spinodal mechanism. The transition temperature obtained from the extrapolation of the diffusion coefficient to zero value turned out to be about 147±2°C, which is close to the order-disorder transition temperature obtained from the Porod analysis. The transition temperature was also estimated from the invariant growth rate. By extrapolating the invariant growth rate to zero, a transition temperature of about 145±2°C was obtained.     

Structure of Fucoidan from Brown Seaweed Turbinaria ornata as Studied by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESIMS) and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) Techniques

The purpose of this study is to elucidate both the chemical and conformational structure of an unfractionated fucoidan extracted from brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata collected at Nha-trang bay, Vietnam. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used for determining the chemical structure and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) provided conformational of the structure at the molecular level. The results showed that the fucoidan has a sulfate content of 25.6% and is mainly composed of fucose and galactose residues (Fuc:Gal ≈ 3:1). ESIMS analysis suggested that the fucoidan has a backbone of 3-linked α-l-Fucp residues with branches, →4)-Galp(1→ at C-4 of the fucan chain. Sulfate groups are attached mostly at C-2 and sometimes at C-4 of both fucose and galactose residues. A molecular model of the fucoidan was built based on obtained chemical structure and scattering curves estimated from molecular model and observed SAXS measurement were fitted. The results indicated that fucoidan under study has a rod-like bulky chain conformation.     

Study on melting and crystallization of short-linear chains from debranched waxy starches by in situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction

In situ melting and crystallization of short-linear α-1,4-glucan (short-chain amylose, or SCA) from debranched waxy starches were investigated by synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Amorphous SCA was prepared by dissolving completely debranched waxy starches in alkaline solution and neutralized by hydrochloric acid. When hydrated with 50% water at 25 °C, all amorphous SCA crystallized immediately and gave a B-type structure. The SCA from debranched waxy potato starch had a longer average chain length and a higher melting temperature but relatively lower crystallinity upon hydration; it was not completely melted at 100 °C and retained its original B-type structure during rapid cooling. In contrast, the SCA from debranched waxy wheat and waxy maize starches had a large portion of low molecular weight fractions, a higher crystallinity upon hydration, and a lower melting temperature. These differences suggest that amylopectin short chains crystallized more readily but their crystals were weaker than those of long chains. After the B-type crystals of hydrated SCA from waxy wheat and waxy maize starches melted, they reformed into the A-type polymorph upon rapid cooling. The thermal properties showed that the A-type polymorph of debranched waxy wheat and waxy maize starches had a higher melting temperature than their B-type structure.     

长期施肥下红壤中类芬顿反应及其对碳储存的影响

以祁阳红壤长期定位试验站的施用有机肥和化肥的土壤为研究对象,结合不同孔径(1000μm、20μm和0.45μm)的原位微宇宙培养试验,通过高效液相色谱、高通量测序、同步辐射红外显微成像和X射线光电子能谱等技术手段研究了长期施肥处理对红壤中类芬顿反应的调控能力及其对红壤有机碳储存的影响。结果表明,长期施用化肥的红壤中H_2O_2、H O·及Fe(II)含量均显著高于长期施用有机肥。根系分泌物和微生物的参与也能够调控H_2O_2、H O·和Fe(II)含量,且H_2O_2和HO·含量呈线性关系。长期施用有机肥的红壤具有很好的H_2O_2缓冲性能,而长期施用化肥的红壤可能由于发生了退化(如土壤有机质含量低),H_2O_2缓冲性能较差。长期施用有机肥的红壤中微生物丰富度和多样性指数均显著高于长期施用化肥的红壤。植物根系和微生物的进入对长期施用有机肥的红壤中细菌群落结构影响较小,而对长期施用化肥的红壤中细菌群落结构影响较大。长期施用有机肥的细菌群落影响了土壤p H、可溶性有机碳、可溶性Fe和CO2释放;而长期施用化肥的细菌群落可能通过产生H_2O_2和还原态Fe(II)引发了土壤中的芬顿反应。根-土界面上黏土矿物(36 1 9c m-1)、脂肪碳(29 1 4c m-1)、羧酸碳(1 725 cm-1)、羟基碳(1 135 cm-1)的分布模式有较大差异,其中根系的出现增加了根-土界面上Fe(II)比例。综上,本文提出了有效增加亚热带红壤土壤有机碳的概念模型。     

重金属铬、铜、汞经不同途径神经毒性的对比研究

[目的]探讨几种重金属通过不同的通路对小鼠行为学的影响。[方法]昆明鼠经LashleyⅢH-W水迷宫筛选后,剔除学习记忆差的小鼠,通过慢性滴鼻给药和灌胃的途径,用水迷宫、洞板、自主活动箱测定小鼠给药前后行为学的改变,并利用同步辐射技术,观察小鼠脑部的形态学改变。对通过2种给药途径所造成的神经毒性进行对比研究,探讨重金属通过不同通路对机体所造成的毒性差异及其相关机制。[结果]重铬酸钾滴鼻组用药前后洞板探索行为有明显变化（P〈0.05）,灌胃组给药前后无明显变化;几组重金属滴鼻给药组前后比较,神经系统的兴奋性有所增加,其中重铬酸钾滴鼻组和硫酸铜滴鼻组较为明显,灌胃组给药前后无明显变化;重铬酸钾滴鼻组小鼠和硫酸铜滴鼻组小鼠上台潜伏期有所增长,靶象限活动时间百分比、穿台次数减少,游泳速度有所减慢,灌胃组给药后潜伏期反有所缩短;HE染色和同步辐射观察显示,重铬酸钾滴鼻组小鼠海马部位神经元肿胀明显,空泡变性,可见胶质水肿,部分细胞坏死,并可见呈筛状的坏死灶,胞质中一些区域透光增加,灌胃组无明显改变。[结论]这几种重金属离子在较低浓度时即可通过嗅觉通路沉积于脑,并能通过嗅觉途径改变小鼠的行为学,灌胃组在此浓度时对小鼠的行为学没有较大的改变,有些金属离子可以作为微量元素参与新陈代谢,对神经系统不造成损害。     

An investigation of fire scars in Pseudotsuga macrocarpa by Scanning X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy

Fire scars in dated sequences of tree-rings are regularly used for the reconstruction of histories of forest fire frequency and investigations of various exogenous factors (climate in particular) which may control such events. The potential of the tree-ring archive in this regard is such that in circumstances where no scarring occurs following a particular fire, or where sampling is limited to increment cores which may miss the zone of scarring, alternate means of detecting tree-ring evidence for fire impact must be sought. One possible alternative may be detection of changes in tree-ring chemistry associated with growth years following forest fires. If it was possible to characterize such a change in chemistry an independent proxy for forest fires in tree-ring series might be established. The behavior of various elements within the xylem is however extremely complex so for a dendrochemical approach to fire history to be established, new techniques are required to enhance existing knowledge of elemental behavior in trees affected by fire. In this study, elemental intensities were mapped across scarred and un-scarred vectors of Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr (bigcone Douglas-fir) tree-rings from a site in the Los Padres National Forest, Southern California, using Scanning X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy (SXFM). The aims were: to assess the potential of this technique for understanding elemental change in relation to fire scars and undamaged contemporary growth; to provide new information on specific elemental behavior in this species; and to contribute to wider research for dendrochemically establishing fire histories. The results highlight the potential of SXFM for mapping elemental changes associated with compartmentalization, callus and woundwood as well as providing some evidence for depletion of certain elements in contemporary un-scarred rings. They also provide a first step towards future work to use cores for dendrochemical construction of fire histories.     

土壤微团聚体中矿物-有机复合体特征

以国家肥力网湖南祁阳红壤长期定位试验站的长期施有机肥和长期施化肥的土壤为研究对象,采用干筛法获得土壤微团聚体。利用同步辐射红外显微成像法研究土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和有机官能团的原位分布图谱及其相关性。结果表明:土壤中黏土矿物(3 620 cm-1)和大分子有机物(脂肪,2 920 cm-1;蛋白质,1 650 cm-1;多糖,1 080 cm-1)呈高度异质性的分布规律。其中,黏土矿物和多糖有较为相似的分布模式;而黏土矿物和脂肪、蛋白类物质则呈现差异较大的分布模式。与长期施化肥处理的土壤微团聚体相比,长期施有机肥处理的土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和大分子有机物呈现更高的分散性。此外,施有机肥和化肥处理土壤微团聚体样品中黏土矿物与有机官能团的决定系数(R2)均为:黏土矿物-脂肪黏土矿物-多糖黏土矿物-蛋白质,表明土壤微团聚体中黏土矿物和大分子有机物的亲和性有差异,且该差异不受长期施肥处理的影响。同步辐射微区域红外谱进一步表明,从土壤微团聚体外部到内部,黏土矿物的特征峰和大分子有机物的特征峰强度均逐渐增加。