磺酸基官能化介孔材料MSU的合成及其酸性研究

为解决涉及一些较大分子的反应之固体酸催化问题,以价格便宜的硅酸钠为主要原料合成了磺酸基官能化介孔材料MSU,并采用固体核磁共振(SSNMR)等技术研究了所合成材料(MSU-SO3H)的结构和酸性.结果表明,合成的磺酸基官能化的MSU具有规整的介孔结构,其总体酸性略弱于微孔分子筛HZSM-5.     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

Inheritance of Aluminum Tolerance and its Effects on Grain Yield and Grain Quality in Oats (Avena Sativa L.)

Summary Aluminum toxicity due to the cation Al⁺³ is a major factor limiting yields in acid soils. Wide genetic variability to aluminum tolerance is found in oat genotypes. The objectives of this study were to determine the number of genes controlling aluminum tolerance in oats and to verify if any detrimental effects were present of the aluminum tolerance genes on grain yield and grain quality in Al⁺³free soils. Aluminum tolerance was estimated as the average regrowth of the main root after exposure to toxic levels of Al⁺³ in a hydroponic solution under controlled conditions. The number of genes controlling that trait was estimated from the distribution of the average root regrowth frequencies in a population of 333 recombinant inbred lines (RIL's) in generations F_5:6 and F_5:7. The effects on grain yield and grain quality were assessed in a subpopulation of 162 RIL's chosen based on their aluminum tolerance response. Aluminum tolerance in the evaluated population was controlled by one dominant major gene with the tolerant genotypes carying Al _a Al _a and the sensitive ones al _a al _a alleles. No detrimental effects of the Al _a allele on grain yield or grain quality were detected.Part of the Master of Science dissertation of the first author     

调配型甜橙含乳酸性饮料的研制

将甜橙果汁与牛乳调和,通过单因素试验,对稳定剂成分、酸味剂配比、杀菌条件进行确定,然后通过L9(34)正交试验对主要原料配比、稳定剂各成分配比进行研究。结果表明,原橙汁20%,脱脂乳粉3%,蔗糖10%,柠檬酸0.25%,乳酸0.025%,高黏度CMC0.25%,PGA0.1%,高脂果胶0.20%,80℃下杀菌15min,可制作出质量和风味俱佳的甜橙牛乳酸性饮料。     

水稻育秧播种机钵体苗底土压实装置

设计了一种能实现水稻精密育秧播种机钵体软、硬秧盘穴孔底土压实的通用装置,该装置以AT89C51单片机为控制系统核心,采用步进电动机和送盘行程开关实现秧盘供送,以及限位行程开关和对准接近开关实现秧盘穴孔与压实辊指对准,压实辊指与秧盘穴孔内底土相互作用完成底土压实。通过系统的试验研究,确定了该装置的最佳工作参数。压实试验表明,该系统能满足秧盘穴孔底土压实的工作要求,实现了穴孔与压实辊指的精确对准和底土压实,当生产率在500盘/h、提前角对应弧长为1 mm时,对准率为98%,满足钵体苗穴孔底土压实的技术要求;育秧试验表明,增加穴孔底土压实深度,可提高秧苗素质,保持土壤根系坚实不散,有利于栽插作业,压实深度为6 mm时效果最佳。     

牧区奶干渣组合式发酵剂响应面法优化

以脱脂牦牛乳为试验材料,发酵3.5 h滴定酸度为试验指标,在不同菌种最佳组合方式筛选的研究基础上,利用响应面Box-Behnken中心组合试验研究了4株筛自牧区、发酵性能优良的菌种:保加利亚乳杆菌(MGD1-3)、嗜热链球菌(MGB39-5)、嗜热链球菌(G81-1)、植物乳杆菌(BM5152)不同接种比例对牧区奶干渣发酵效果的影响。结果表明,优化得到最优组合式发酵剂为:MGD1-3体积分数3.06%、MGB39-5体积分数0.64%、G81-1体积分数0.55%、BM5152体积分数2.04%,滴定酸度为75.87°T。为了便于实际操作,确定最终体积接种比为:MGD1-3∶MGB39-5∶G81-1∶BM5152=30∶6∶5∶20,接种量体积分数为6.0%,该条件下进行3次平行试验,得到滴定酸度平均值为74.21°T;将接种优化后组合式发酵剂制成的奶干渣(试验组)与牧区采集奶干渣(对照组)进行感官与理化指标比较,结果表明该组合式发酵剂发酵性能优良。     

FEM analysis of subsoil reaction on heavy wheel loads with emphasis on soil preconsolidation stress and cohesion

Heavy sugarbeet harvesters may compact subsoil. But it is very difficult to study this by field experiments that resemble agricultural practice. Therefore, an analysis was made by a finite element method (FEM) for a relevant calcaric fluvial soil profile, the mechanical properties of which were largely known. Measuring data of this Lobith loam soil includes preconsolidation stress, compression index and swelling index, all as a function of depth. Using these three types of soil parameters calculations have been done for tyre sizes, inflation pressures and wheel loads that occur with heaviest sugarbeet harvesters available on the European market in 1999. Because no values on soil cohesion were available, the calculations were done for several cohesion levels. The results include the detection of regions with Mohr–Coulomb plasticity and regions with cap plasticity (compaction hardening). For the soil studied—a typical soil strength profile for arable land with ploughpan in the Netherlands in the autumn of 1977—all studied combinations of wheel load and inflation pressure did not induce compaction in and below the ploughpan. The size of the region with Mohr–Coulomb plasticity decreased with increasing cohesion. It appeared from a sensitivity analysis that, although soil modelling may use a great number of soil parameters, the most important parameters seem to be: preconsolidation stress and cohesion. There is an urgent need for data of these parameters that are measured on a great range of subsoils and subsoil conditions.     

基于色调分形维数的柑橘糖度和有效酸度检

研究了宫川温州蜜柑糖度及有效酸度的机器视觉检测技术及影响检测精度的因素.对机器视觉系统采集的柑橘图像进行图像裁切、亮度法去图像背景和RGB空间至HSI空间的转换,将柑橘色调范围分割为0°～20°、20°～40°、40°～60°、60°～80°、80°～100°和100°～120°共6个区域,提取各区域色调分形维数,以此作为BP神经网络输入,无损检测宫川温州蜜柑糖度及有效酸度.167个测试样本的检测结果表明:在±1.5°Brix精度范围内糖度正确识别率为66.6175%,在±0.5精度范围内有效酸度正确识别率为73.9275%.宫川温州蜜柑糖度及有效酸度与果皮色调分形维数之间具有相关性,可用机器视觉检测其糖度及有效酸度.     

滇中本地和外来植物群落对紫色土理化性质的影响

在同一"气候-母质"条件下,本文研究了滇中飒马场流域4种处于不同演替阶段的本地植被群落和1种外来植被群落对酸性紫色土理化性质的影响。结果表明:随着灌草丛、云南松、针阔混交林到次生常绿阔叶林的本地植物群落演替过程,土壤的容重、pH、水溶性盐阳离子含量明显降低,而土壤粘粒、水解性酸、活性铝、有机碳、全氮含量显著增加,同时表层土壤有机碳和全氮占其剖面总含量的比例有降低的趋势。次生常绿阔叶林土壤0~150 cm土层的有机碳、全氮贮存量比灌草丛土壤的分别高出35 Mg hm-2和1.2 Mg hm-2,而其pH则比灌草丛土壤的低0.33。这反映出酸性紫色土的富铝化过程、生物富集过程和粘化过程随着植被演进而加强。桉树林土壤有机碳、全氮贮量和pH分别为93.04 mg hm-2、2.45 mg hm-2和4.49,与针阔混交林土壤的有机碳、全氮贮量和pH没有显著差异,但是其水解性酸度和活性铝含量均显著高于针阔混交林土壤的,表明长期种植桉树有加速土壤酸化的可能。