培养条件对酸枣叶片不定梢再生率的影响

以酸枣无菌苗叶片为外植体,选用基本培养基ＮＮ６９和ＷＰＭ,外源激素包括ＴＤＺ、ＩＡＡ、ＩＢＡ和ＮＡＡ,暗培养时间为２、３、４周。采用正交实验设计方法,研究了基本培养基、外源激素及暗培养时间对叶片不定梢再生的影响。结果表明在附加ＴＤＺ１~３ｍｇ/Ｌ的ＷＰＭ和ＮＮ６９上都可诱导不定梢再生,但ＷＰＭ比ＮＮ６９更有效。暗培养时间对不定梢再生也有影响,暗培养３周比２、４周更有利于提高叶片的不定梢再生率。在附加ＴＤＺ１ｍｇ/Ｌ、ＩＡＡ０．１ｍｇ/Ｌ的ＷＰＭ培养基上,暗培养３周后转到光下培养,获得的不定梢再生率达８７．５%。     

Extensional rheological properties in mixed and fermented/rested dough and relationships with steamed bread quality

In this study, sixteen wheat varieties for cultivation in China were examined for the flour characteristics using the farinograph, extensograph and rheofermentometer, uniaxial extensional rheology employing the extensograph and the Kieffer extensibility rig and biaxial extension by uniaxial compression of mixed dough with and without yeast, rested and fermented dough, and steamed bread quality including specific volume and texture properties. Three statistical analysis methods including Pearson correlation, principle component and stepwise multiple regression analysis were carried out to correlate dough properties with steamed bread quality. Biaxial extension viscosity was positively correlated with texture properties (hardness and chewiness) of steamed bread (r = 0.521–0.685, p < 0.05). Based on the correlation coefficients and the model (r² = 0.852, p = 0.003) obtained using stepwise multiple regression analysis, the best predictors for specific volume of steamed bread were the maximum resistance to extension of rested dough (r = 0.664, p < 0.01) and total work for breakage of fermented dough (r = 0.662, p < 0.01). Principal component analysis of rheological properties of fermented dough and flour characteristics provided more useful information for discriminating wheat flour quality and help breeders to select most convenient wheat flour for the steamed bread making.     

Effect of aging at different temperatures on LAOS properties and secondary protein structure of hard wheat flour dough

The effects of aging from t = 0–108 h at two different temperatures (4 and 25 °C) on the non-linear viscoelastic rheological properties and secondary protein structure of hard wheat flour dough (HWD) were investigated using large amplitude oscillatory shear tests (LAOS) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and SDS-PAGE. Storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli rapidly decreased during aging at 25 °C. Subjecting HWD to progressively longer aging times at 25 °C caused dramatic changes in the non-linear viscoelastic properties demonstrated by strain softening (negative values of e₃/e₁) and shear thinning (negative values of v₃/v₁) behavior. Elastic Lissajous curves of the unaged control dough showed clockwise turn and wider elliptical trajectories as dough aging proceeds especially at higher temperatures. Other non-linear LAOS parameters (G'_M-G''_L, η'_M-η'_L, S and T) supported that aging process at higher temperature caused a progressive change in dough structure from strain stiffening to strain softening behavior while dough samples aged at 4 °C showed fairly close behavior with the control dough sample. FTIR spectra indicated that the relative content of β-sheet and β-turn structures decreased while the content of α-helix structure increased for all dough samples as a result of dough aging. SDS-PAGE results supported the breakdown of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subfractions. Aging at the higher temperature of 25 °C decreased the HMW/LMW ratio from 0.77 to 0.59, while the ratio was 0.73 for the dough aged at 4 °C which is fairly close to the control sample. Our results show that the degradation rate of gluten/starch network was triggered by aging at higher temperature, longer aging time, and natural fermentation which resulted in increasing acidity and increase in endogenous proteolytic and amylolytic activity, and also increasing gluten solubility and break down of intermolecular disulfide bonds at acid pH.     

小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及 Psy-A1 与 Ppo-A1 等位变异检测

为研究小麦面粉和鲜面片色泽及其与两个色泽相关基因等位变异之间的关系,以我国主要麦区17个大面积推广品种及1个优异品系为材料,进行面粉和鲜面片色泽分析和 Psy-A1 、 Ppo-A1 基因等位变异检测。结果表明,扬麦18、泛麦5号、扬麦9号、平安7号、扬麦20面粉和鲜面片色泽均比较好,亮度高,黄度低,携有优异等位变异;川麦42是优异的低黄度种质资源,但亮度需提升。面粉和鲜面片的L~*值间、a~*值间、b~*值间均呈极显著正相关,L~*值与a~*、b~*值均呈极显著负相关,a~*值和b~*值无显著相关性。 Psy-A1主要引起鲜面片a~*值和b~*值显著变化;对a~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ;对b~*值的效应表现为 Psy-A1b Psy-A1a ; Ppo-A1 对面粉及鲜面片的b~*值、鲜面片放置2 h和4 h的L~*值有显著影响;对b~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a ;对L~*值的效应表现为 Ppo-A1b Ppo-A1a 。4个等位变异组合仅对鲜面片黄度b~*值有极显著影响, Ppo-A1a/ Psy-A1a 基因型最高,其他三种基因型差异不显著。因此,改良小麦面粉和面制品色泽应注意淘汰 Ppo-A1a / Psy-A1a 基因型,高世代需加强面制品色泽的筛选鉴定。     

小麦面条和面过程不同阶段面絮的划分与自动识别

和面是小麦面条加工过程中重要的一道工序,主要依据人工经验判断和面终点,缺少基于客观分析的自动化评价方法。为了实现和面过程的自动化,该研究依据小麦面条和面过程中面絮颗粒宏观状态,通过面絮状态图像的数据分析,并且从面条质构、水分状态及分布、蛋白质分子特性及微观结构揭示和面阶段划分的依据。结果表明,和面过程可以划分为初始面粉（阶段1）、润湿黏连（阶段2）、聚集成形（阶段3）、破裂分散（阶段4）和稳定平衡（阶段5）5个阶段,阶段5占和面总时间的50%左右;从阶段2到稳定平衡阶段初期（阶段5-1）,面片的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性逐渐增加并达到最大,在稳定平衡阶段中后期（阶段5-2、5-3）,面片硬度等指标数值下降;低场核磁共振与核磁共振成像分析结果表明,阶段2的水分自由度高,和面过程加速了水分在固、液、气三相之间的交换,并在阶段5达到稳定;所有和面阶段中氢键、离子键的强度明显低于疏水相互作用的强度,游离巯基含量在阶段5-2、5-3逐渐降低至稳定,二硫键含量在此阶段逐渐增多并保持稳定,蛋白质实现充分交联,决定了面条微观结构和宏观状态。构建基于深度学习的Transfer-ResNet50网络模型,实现和面阶段面絮图像的自动识别,模型识别准确率达98.5%,具有良好的可靠性,可以实现和面终点的自动判断。综上所述,面絮宏观颗粒状态可以作为和面过程划分的可靠依据,深度学习也为小麦面条和面过程自动控制提供新的思路。     

基于低场核磁和差示量热扫描的面条面团水分状态研究

为了解低水分面条面团中水分的存在状态,明确真空度及和面时间对水分状态的影响,该研究以3个小麦品种（济麦20、宁春4号、济麦22）磨制的面粉为材料,采用真空和面制作低水分面条面团（含水率35%）,采用低场核磁共振技术（LF-NMR,low-field nuclear magnetic resonance）和差示量热扫描（DSC,differential scanning calorimetry）2种技术,测定不同真空度（0、0.06、0.09 MPa）和搅拌时间（4、8、12 min）下面团中水分的形态和分布,并进一步分析2种技术测定水分形态结果的相关性。结果表明,在低水分面条面团中,水分主要以弱结合水形态存在。不同品种的小麦粉面团的水分形态及分布存在差异,强筋小麦粉（济麦20）制作面团的水分自由度较低。真空和面（0.06 MPa）可以促进水分与面筋蛋白的相互作用,降低面团中水分子流动性,促进水分结构化;而非真空或过高真空度均会导致面团中水分自由度增加。济麦20、济麦22小麦粉和面时间为8 min时,面团水分流动性较低;而宁春4号小麦粉面团在4 min时,水分自由度较低;继续搅拌,深层结合水减少、弱结合水增多。LF-NMR和DSC测得面团水分状态的结果具有一致性。LF-NMR测得的弱结合水峰面积百分比与DSC测得的可冻结水百分比具有相同的变化趋势（r=0.695）,且深层结合水峰面积百分比与非冻结水百分比具有相同的变化趋势（r=0.564）。研究结果为认识制面过程中水分的作用,优化和面工艺和调整产品特性提供参考。     

A new lean no time test baking method with improved discriminating power

In response to customer concerns related to gluten strength in commercial baking, the Canadian Grain Commission assessed whether the Canadian Short Process (CSP) test bake method was generating useful data related to intrinsic strength of wheat varieties. Assessment of CSP loaf volume data for Canadian variety trials spanning 2003 to 2013 showed very little correlation with dough strength parameters as measured by farinograph and extensigraph. A lean no time (LNT) test baking method was developed that can better discriminate genotypes and provide objective indicators of the effect of intrinsic dough strength on baking quality. From early method development, through method validation and verification using diverse sets of samples targeting different Canadian wheat classes and grown in three different crop years, results showed the LNT method to be more discriminating and easily adopted by other laboratories. In 2015, the LNT method was adopted as the method of choice in future Canadian variety registration trials. The LNT method is fast, simple and well-suited to high throughput test baking conditions encountered in the evaluation of large numbers of breeder lines. A new objective parameter, loaf top ratio, was also introduced and found to correlate well with dough strength and dough handling properties.     

加工方式对非发酵面团小麦醇溶蛋白致敏性的影响

该研究探究了热加工(水煮、烘烤、微波、高温高压)、冷处理(液氮、速冻机速冻)和非热加工(超高静压、辐照、脉冲强光、臭氧和超声波)处理对非发酵面团小麦醇溶蛋白致敏性的影响。利用SDS-PAGE和双抗体夹心ELISA法研究各种加工处理后非发酵面团小麦醇溶蛋白的分子量和致敏性变化。结果表明:200和300 MPa的超高静压处理后,非发酵面团小麦醇溶蛋白的致敏性显著增加(P0.05),均增至125%左右;水煮、微波、高温高压、烘烤、液氮、速冻机处理、超高静压250MPa、辐照(7、13kGy)、臭氧熏蒸、脉冲强光和超声波处理均能显著降低非发酵面团小麦醇溶蛋白的致敏性(P0.05),其中以水煮、高温高压、液氮、臭氧和脉冲强光(PL-1)处理的脱敏效果最显著(P0.01),均降至60%左右。由此可知,加工方式能够显著影响非发酵面团小麦醇溶蛋白的致敏性,可作为食品中过敏原安全控制的有效手段,为脱敏食品的生产提供有效参考。进一步研究需要结合其他体内试验的评估,特别是小麦易敏人群的临床试验。     

优质强筋小麦龙麦30配粉特性的研究

以强筋小麦龙麦30为主粉与中筋小麦克丰6号等3个品种进行不同比例配粉研究其面包烘焙品质的影响。试验结果表明,龙麦30与面筋含量高,面团拉伸阻力适中,延伸性长的克丰6号品种搭配,配粉以60%∶40%比例的湿面筋含量和延伸性显著增加,面团流变学特性加以改善,蛋白质数量与质量指标较为均衡,面包体积增大,面包芯部结构、平滑度等指标均得到提高,面包烘焙品质为最佳。