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应用多元统计分析方法进行板料参数对抗皱性的综合影响研究,得到的全回归方程能客观地反映各种参数对抗皱性的影响程度和影响方式。为分析板料在成型过程中产生的缺陷和生产具有高抗皱性的板材提供依据。 相似文献
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改良土壤物理性质是提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的主要途径之一。通过人工模拟降雨试验、风蚀试验和野外原位观测试验,研究了不同玉米秸秆汁土壤改良剂喷施方式下黄绵土抗侵蚀能力的改良效果,探讨了玉米秸秆汁防治土壤侵蚀的机理。结果表明,玉米秸秆汁能有效防治黄绵土的水蚀和风蚀。在模拟降雨条件下,喷施玉米秸秆汁的试验处理,黄绵土溅蚀量较对照处理降低24.7%~78.3%,黄土坡面的径流量和片蚀量分别降低40.0%~43.3%和20.9%~34.5%;在天然降雨条件下,无论是短历时低强度或长历时低强度的降雨类型,还是短历时高强度的降雨类型,喷施玉米秸秆汁的试验处理,黄土坡面的径流量和片蚀量较对照处理明显减少,二者的减少幅度分别介于26.3%~62.1%和58.3%~72.0%之间;在不同风速下,玉米秸秆汁可使黄绵土的风蚀量降低24.5%~64.6%。此外,喷施玉米秸秆汁后的静置时间及翻耕与否对不同类型的侵蚀也有重要影响。喷施玉米秸秆汁可有效提高黄绵土的抗剪强度、硬度及大团聚体的百分含量,从而降低土壤侵蚀量。施用玉米秸秆汁后,黄绵土静水崩解量降低了97.4%~98.5%、土壤抗剪强度增加了97.9%~140.0%、土壤硬度增加了11.4%~127.5%;0.25 mm团聚体降低了46.9%~51.6%;2 mm团聚体增加了88.1%~129.7%。玉米秸秆汁是一种良好的防治坡面水蚀和风蚀的土壤改良剂,在施用玉米秸秆汁时,应尽量一次喷施完毕并避免人为土壤扰动。 相似文献
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Controlling factors of sheet erosion under degraded grasslands in the sloping lands of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. DlaminiC. Orchard G. JewittS. Lorentz L. TitshallV. Chaplot 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,98(11):1711-1718
The current increase in the global demand for food and fresh water and the associated land use changes or misuses exacerbate water erosion which has become a major threat to the sustainability of the soil and water resources. Soil erosion by rainfall and runoff is a natural and geologic phenomenon, and one of the most important components of the global geochemical cycle.Despite numerous studies on crop lands, there is still a need to quantify soil sheet erosion (an erosion form that uniformly removes fertile upper soil horizons) under grasslands and to assess the factors of the environment that control its spatial variation. For that purpose, fifteen 1 m2 micro-plots installed within a 23 ha catchment under pasture in the sloping lands of KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) were monitored during the 2007-2008 rainy season to evaluate runoff (R) and sediment losses (SL). Soil losses computed from the 37 rainfall events with soil erosion averaged 6.45 ton ha−1 year−1with values from 3 to 13 ton ha−1 year−1. SL were significantly correlated with the proportion of soil surface coverage by the vegetation (P < 0.01) whereas the slope gradient, and soil characteristics such as bulk density or clay content were not correlated. R and SL increased as the proportion of soil surface coverage decreased and this trend was used to predict the spatial variations of sheet erosion over the 23 ha catchment. Greater sheet erosion occurred at the catchment plateau and at the vicinity of gully head cuts probably in relation to regressive erosion. Mitigating sheet erosion would require an appropriate management of the soil cover through appropriate management of cattle grazing, especially at places where “natural” erosion is likely to occur. 相似文献
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Gully and sheet erosion on subtropical mountain slopes: Their respective roles and the scale effect 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
L. Descroix J.L. Gonzlez Barrios D. Viramontes J. Poulenard E. Anaya M. Esteves J. Estrada 《CATENA》2008,72(3):325-339
As most mountains in tropical and subtropical zones, the Western Sierra Madre suffers active present erosion, which may create some constraints to the social and economic development in the area.The objectives of this study of soil degradation in the Western Sierra Madre, are to determine the respective roles of gully and sheet erosion. This research is based on field observations, field measurements of runoff and, soil losses at the plot, as well as the watershed scales as an analysis of an exhaustive census of the few gullies located in an experimental area.Measured soil losses in the Western Sierra Madre are high although there are few gullies. Most of the sediment yield seems to originate in widespread degraded areas where stoniness is the main evidence of a previous stage of erosion. Previously overgrazing and deforestation were determined as the factors of the appearance of new soil surface characteristics which explain the high runoff and sediment productions. The soil compacted by cattle trampling reduces infiltration. The decrease of the vegetation cover triggers a rise in the splash effect and thus, a soil sealing.These processes induce an increase in runoff and soil losses. The main erosion type has been described as sheet erosion: it is characterised by the removal of fine soil particles and the remains of gravels, pebbles and blocks, which constitute a pavement on the soil. Gullies generally appear on the bottom of wide valleys and depressions, where soils are thick. It is shown that sheet erosion is two orders of magnitude higher than gully erosion at the hillslope scale.Due to the spatial distribution of land use and the geological context such as the heavily degraded areas close to the main rivers, the reduction of runoff and soil loss rates within the extension of a considered area, commonly observed in hydrology, only applies up to the elementary catchments scale (1 to 50 km2). Above this area, runoff coefficient and soil loss rates increase. 相似文献
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An elemental chlorine-free (ECF)-bleached soft-wood kraft pulp was treated first with a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC, degree
of substitution 0.3, 1% on pulp) and then with alkyltrimethylammonium bromides (alkyl chain lengths of C10 to C16). Surprisingly, the treatment with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C12TAB) markedly increased the internal and tensile strengths of the handsheets prepared from the modified pulp. Environmental
scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) showed that these properties could be partly explained by the “rope/gum-like” bridges
that were formed between the fibers. 相似文献