Effects of water stress at different development stages on yield and water productivity of winter and summer safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

A field study was carried out to determine the effects of water stress imposed at different development stages on grain yield, seasonal evapotranspiration, crop-water relationships, yield response to water and water use efficiency of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) for winter and summer sowing. The field trials were conducted on a loam Entisol soil in Thrace Region in Turkey, using Dincer, the most popular safflower variety in the research area. A randomised complete block design with three replications was used. Three known growth stages of the plant were considered and a total of 8 (including rainfed) irrigation treatments were applied. The effect of irrigation or water stress at any stage of development on grain yield per hectare and 1000 kernel weight, was evaluated. Results of this study showed that safflower was significantly affected by water shortage in the soil profile due to omitted irrigation during the sensitive vegetative stage. The highest yield was observed in the fully irrigated control and was higher for winter sowing than for summer sowing. Evapotranspiration calculated for non-stressed production was 728 and 673 mm for winter and summer sowing, respectively. Safflower grain yield of the fully irrigated treatments was 4.05 and 3.74 t ha⁻¹ for winter and summer season, respectively. The seasonal yield response factor was 0.97 and 0.81 for winter and summer sowing, respectively. The highest total water use efficiency was obtained in the treatment irrigated only at vegetative stage while the lowest value was observed when the crop was irrigated only at yield stage. As conclusions: (i) winter sowing is suggested; (ii) if deficit irrigation is to apply at only one or two stages, Y stage or Y and F stages should be omitted, respectively.     

新疆红花地方种种子含油率与主要农艺性状间的灰色关联分析

为了新疆红花地方种高油品种的选育和改良提供科学数据,本研究采用灰色关联分析法,在新疆农业科学院综合试验场对来自新疆的51份红花材料的种子含油率与主要农艺性状进行分析。结果表明,新疆红花地方种的种子含油率与12个主要农艺性状的关联顺序为单株果球数>株高>三级有效分枝数>顶果球着粒数>节间长度>皮壳率>千粒重>生育期>一级有效分枝数>二级有效分枝数>分枝总数>节间数,表明单株果球数、株高、三级有效分枝数是影响新疆红花地方种种子含油率的重要因素。因此,在新疆红花地方种培育高油品种时,应优先考虑单株果球数,株高和三级有效分枝数等指标。本研究结果为培育高油红花提供科学参考数据。     

国内外红花种质资源研究进展

红花具有药用、食用、油用、工业用等广泛用途,红花植株具有耐旱、耐盐、耐贫瘠优良特性,我国是具有丰富的红花种质资源多样性的国家之一,为了更好地开发利用红花种质资源,在此对国内外有关红花种质资源的收集、分类、评价、育种和应用等研究进行了系统的阐述,最后讨论了红花种质资源研究中存在的一些问题,展望了今后的研究方向。     

Water Requirements of Safflower Entries in Middle Egypt

Two promising selected land races of safflower ( Carthamns tinctorious L.) designated as line 11 and line 13, together with the local variety Giza 1 , were examined under three levels of moisture depletions, i.e. 40, 60 and 80 % ASMD at Fayoum, Middle Egypt during 1986/87 and 1987/88 seasons. In both growing seasons, the second irrigation treatment i.e. 60 % ASMD gave the highest means for growth characters as well as seed yield and most of its components. Seed oil content per cent exhibited an increased as soil moisture depletion increased with no significant difference between entries. Safflower entries showed clear differences in some yield components which compensate each other and resulted in no significant difference in seed yield per hectar.
Consumptive use of water by safflower plants increased as the available soil moisture around the root zone increased. No significant differences were found in water consumed by safflower entries used in all experiments.
In the two experimental seasons, the best water use efficiency (WUE) for seed production was obtained also from the second treatment (60 % ASMD). The line 11 gave the best WUE.     

覆膜红花单株种子产量相关性状的通径分析

以新红花1号、吉红1号等10个红花品种为材料,在地膜覆盖条件下进行单株种子产量相关性状通径分析.结果表明,10个相关性状对单株种子产量影响的顺序为:单株有效果球数＞单株总粒数＞每果球粒数＞百粒重＞一级分枝数＞单株无效果球数＞单株总叶片数＞株高＞主茎种子重量＞二级分枝数.单株总粒数与单株有效果球数的互作效应对单株种子产量的影响在所有的性状互作中为最大,单株有效果球数、单株总粒数、每果球粒数及百粒重是影响红花单株种子产量的4个主要因素.所研究的10个农艺性状中,两两性状间的互作效应对红花单株种子产量的影响极大,在红花育种、地膜栽培时应注意考虑这些性状间的影响.单株种子产量高的株型特征为单株无效果球数少,一级分枝数多,单株有效果球数多,单株总粒数和每果球粒数多,百粒重大等.     

应用亲水作用液相色谱法测定红花注射液腺苷含量

试验采用氨基柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm粒径,10nm孔径),流动相A:CH3CN;流动相B:5 mM乙酸铵水溶液;梯度:0～5 min(5%～30%B),50～60 min(30%B);检测波长:270 nm;流速:1.0 mL/min。旨在亲水作用色谱模式下,建立测定红花注射液中腺苷含量的方法。结果表明:腺苷浓度在2.5～20μg/mL范围内,线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.56%,RSD为3.17%(n=9)。该方法简便、快速、准确,结果可靠。     

红花小孢子培养与胚状体诱导研究

小孢子培养是创造单倍体和双单倍体的重要途径,对提高红花的育种效率具有重要意义。为了研究红花游离小孢子的高效培养体系,用20份红花材料研究花药及小孢子培养中影响愈伤组织生长和胚发生的关键因素。结果表明,小孢子发育时期、红花品种、基本培养基和激素浓度是影响红花诱导愈伤组织的关键因素。花药培养的愈伤及胚诱导率高于游离小孢子,且受基因型影响。单核靠边期管状花长度为 0.45～0.50 cm时,诱导成功率达到68.32%。供试的20份红花材料中,有11份诱导出了愈伤组织,有1份分化出了胚状愈伤,诱导成功率为15.79%。分化培养最适培养基组合为1/2 MS+B5+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 1.0 mg/L;小孢子悬浮培养最适培养基激素浓度以添加6-BA 4.0 mg/L 和NAA 0.5 mg/L效果最好,诱导愈伤率为22.5%。     

Estimation,interrelationships and repeatability of genetic variability parameters in spring safflower using multi-environment trial data

The present investigation was carried out to estimate the interrelationships and repeatabilities of various variability parameters, i.e., genotypic (σ²g) and phenotypic (σ²p) variances, genotypic (GCV) and phenotypic (PCV) coefficients of variation, broad-sense heritability (h_b²), genetic advance (GA), and genetic gain (GG), using data derived from a number of plant characters [seed yield (SY), days to heading (DH) and maturity (DM), plant height (PH), and thousand kernel weight (TKW)] of 17 spring safflower genotypes grown in 27 environments in Iran during 2003–2005. The analysis of variance for the five characters revealed significant differences among the genotypes in most of the environments, indicating a very high variability within the genotype. High genotypic and phenotypic variances in the quantitative traits, particularly for SY, were markers of increased success. A close correlation between GCV and PCV was observed for all the traits, indicating that all of the characters were less influenced by the environment and that the variability which exists in these characters is under genetic influence; however, the relatively higher values of PCV indicate the predominant role of environment. High expected genetic advances were observed for SY, but this trait showed large fluctuations in different environments (97.4%). High and low mean values of heritability were observed for DH (74.3%) and SY (59.7%), respectively, whereas high and low mean values of genetic gain were found for SY (60.3%) and DM (4.2%), respectively. High heritability coupled with low GA as a percentage of the mean was observed for DH and MD, whereas moderate heritability with moderate GA as a percentage of the mean was exhibited for SY. Analysis of correlation among the parameters showed that they were strongly and constantly correlated with each other, but none of them were consistently well correlated with the heritability parameter (h_b²). Based on estimates of the genetic variability parameters within each trial, the ranking of genotypes in the low-performance subset for all traits differed from that in the high-performance subset. This result indicates poor repeatability for the genetic variability parameters. The estimates of the parameters in the multi-year trials were almost constant and repeatable, whereas the responses over years showed poor repeatability.     

红花籽油提取工艺的优化研究

采用索氏浸提法对红花籽油的提取优化工艺进行了研究。在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交实验确定了红花籽油提取的最佳工艺,同时对红花籽油的脂肪酸成分进行分析,为红花籽油的工业化生产提供科学的理论依据。结果表明:70%的丙酮-水混合溶液以1∶6的料液比,在70℃的温度下浸提3 h,红花籽油的提取率达26.34%。气相色谱分析表明,红花籽油中饱和脂肪酸占19.67%、不饱和脂肪酸占80.33%。